APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING A SENSING APPLICATION

An apparatus for performing a sensing application includes a reservoir to contain a solution, a dispenser to dispense the solution from the reservoir, and a substrate having a plurality of nano-fingers positioned to receive the dispensed solution, in which the plurality of nano-fingers are flexible, such that the plurality of nano-fingers are configurable with respect to each other. The apparatus also includes an illumination source to illuminate the received solution, an analyte introduced around the plurality of nano-fingers, and the plurality of nano-fingers, in which light is to be emitted from the analyte in response to being illuminated. The apparatus further includes a detector to detect the light emitted from the analyte. 1. An apparatus for performing a sensing application , said apparatus comprising:a reservoir to contain a solution;a dispenser to dispense the solution from the reservoir;a substrate having a plurality of nano-fingers positioned to receive the dispensed solution, wherein the plurality of nano-fingers are flexible, such that the plurality of nano-fingers are configurable with respect to each other;an illumination source to illuminate the received solution, an analyte introduced around the plurality of nano-fingers, and the plurality of nano-fingers, wherein light is to be emitted from the analyte in response to being illuminated; anda detector to detect the light emitted from the analyte.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nano-fingers comprise respective tips claim 1 , said apparatus further comprising:Raman-active material nano-particles attached to respective tips of the plurality of nano-fingers.3. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the plurality of nano-fingers are to be collapsed toward each other such that the Raman-active material nano-particles attached to the respective tips of subsets of the plurality of nano-fingers are brought into close proximity or in contact with each other.4. The ...

Electromagnetic wave receiving antenna

An electromagnetic wave receiving antenna includes a spiral element configured to selectively attenuate electromagnetic waves having a predetermined wavelength, selected wavelengths, or range of wavelengths, and to concentrate electromagnetic waves having a predetermined wavelength, selected wavelengths, or range of wavelengths other than the attenuated wavelengths.

FLOW SENSING SYSTEMS AND METHODS

A flow sensing system is provided. The system can include a first graphitic member and a first measurement device communicatively coupled to the first graphitic member. The first measurement device is adapted to measure a voltage along each of a plurality of orthogonal axes defined by the first graphitic member. The system can further include a display communicatively coupled to the first measurement device, the display adapted to convert the measured voltages into a signal proportionate to the fluid flow past the first graphitic member.

Dynamically reconfigurable negative index material crossbars with gain

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to negative index material crossbars that can be electronically controlled and dynamically reconfigured to exhibit a variety of electromagnetic properties. In one aspect, a negative index material crossbar comprises a first layer of non-crossing nanowires, and a second layer of approximately parallel nanowires that overlay the nanowires in the first layer. Resonant elements at nanowire intersections, and a gain material incorporated in the crossbar such that transmitted electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in a wavelength band of interest is enhanced when the crossbar is flood pumped with pump electromagnetic radiation.

Nanowire photodiodes and methods of making nanowire photodiodes

Nanowire-based photodiodes are disclosed. The photodiodes include a first optical waveguide having a tapered first end, a second optical waveguide having a tapered second end, and at least one nanowire comprising at least one semiconductor material connecting the first and second ends in a bridging configuration. Methods of making the photodiodes are also disclosed.

Metamaterials and methods of making the same

A metamaterial includes a non-linear organic material and a plurality of metallic resonators embedded substantially within the non-linear organic material.

Signal-amplification device for surface enhanced raman spectroscopy

A signal-amplification device for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The signal-amplification device includes a non-SERS-active (NSA) substrate, a plurality of multi-tiered non-SERS-active nanowire (MNSANW) structures and a plurality of metallic SERS-active nanoparticles. In addition, a MNSANW structure of the plurality of MNSANW structures includes a main arm of a plurality of main arms and a plurality of arms of at least secondary order. The plurality of main arms is disposed on the NSA substrate; and, a secondary arm of the plurality of arms is disposed on the main arm. Moreover, a metallic SERS-active nanoparticle of the plurality of metallic SERS-active nanoparticles is disposed on a surface of the MNSANW structure.

INTEGRATED SENSORS

Examples of integrated sensors are disclosed herein. An example of an integrated sensor includes a substrate and a sensing member formed on a surface of the substrate. The sensing member includes collapsible signal amplifying structures and an area surrounding the collapsible signal amplifying structures that enables self-positioning of droplets exposed thereto toward the collapsible signal amplifying structures. 1. An integrated sensor , comprising:a substrate; and collapsible signal amplifying structures; and', 'an area surrounding the collapsible signal amplifying structures that enables self-positioning of droplets exposed thereto toward the collapsible signal amplifying structures., 'a sensing member formed on a surface of the substrate, the sensing member including2. The integrated sensor as defined in wherein the area surrounding the collapsible signal amplifying structures is more hydrophobic than the collapsible signal amplifying structures.3. The integrated sensor as defined in wherein the area surrounding the collapsible signal amplifying structures includes a gradient of polymer pillars formed on the substrate claim 2 , the gradient of polymer pillars being more dense at a periphery of the sensing member.4. The integrated sensor as defined in wherein:the collapsible signal amplifying structures include metal-capped polymer-pillars, metal-coated polymer nanoflakes, metal-coated mushroom-shaped structures, or metal-ringed polymer pillars; andthe polymer pillars in the gradient are free of signal amplifying material.5. The integrated sensor as defined in wherein the area surrounding the collapsible signal amplifying structures includes hydrophobic molecules deposited thereon.6. The integrated sensor as defined in wherein the area surrounding the collapsible signal amplifying structures includes grooves defined in the surface of the substrate claim 1 , the grooves having a shape that directs the droplets toward the collapsible signal amplifying structures.7. ...

Electrically driven devices for surface enhanced raman spectroscopy

An electrically driven device for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy includes a first electrode, a substrate positioned proximate to the first electrode, a plurality of cone shaped protrusions formed integrally with or on a substrate surface, a Raman signal-enhancing material coated on each protrusion, and a second electrode positioned relative to the first electrode at a predetermined distance. Each of the protrusions has a tip with a radius of curvature ranging from about 0.1 nm to about 100 nm. The second electrode is positioned relative to the first electrode such that the electrodes together produce an electric field when a voltage bias is applied therebetween. The electric field has a field distribution that creates a stronger field gradient at a region proximate to the tips than at other portions of the substrate.

Distributing clock signals using metamaterial-based waveguides

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to global interconnects that employ metamaterial-based waveguides to distribute clock signals to IC internal components. In one embodiment of the present invention, a global interconnect includes an electromagnetic radiation source that radiates electromagnetic waves. The global interconnect also includes a metamaterial-based waveguide that directs a transverse magnetic field mode of the electromagnetic wave to antennae of the internal components in order to induce an oscillating current within the internal components that serves as the clock signal.

SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY EMPLOYING VIBRATING NANORODS

A surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) apparatus, system and method employ a plurality of nanorods configured to vibrate. The apparatus includes the nanorods having tips at free ends opposite an end attached to a substrate. The tips are configured to adsorb an analyte and to vibrate at a vibration frequency. The apparatus further includes a vibration source configured to vibrate the free ends of the nanorods at the vibration frequency in a back-and-forth motion. Vibration of the nanorods is configured to facilitate detection of a Raman scattering signal emitted by the analyte adsorbed on the nanorod tips. The system further includes a synchronous detector configured to receive the Raman signal and to be gated cooperatively with the vibration of the nanorods. The method includes inducing a vibration of the nanorods, illuminating the vibrating tips to produce a Raman signal, and detecting the Raman signal using the detector.

Pattern recognition using active media

A pattern recognition system includes an active media, an input system, and a sensing system. The active media is such that initial states respectively evolve over time to distinguishable final states. The input system establishes in the active media in an initial state corresponding to an input pattern, and the sensing system measures the media at separated locations to identify of which of the final states the media has after an evolution time. The identification of the final state indicates a feature of the input pattern.

TRANSISTOR AND SENSORS MADE FROM MOLECULAR MATERIALS WITH ELECTRIC DIPOLES

A polarization-dependent device is provided that includes organic materials having electric dipoles. The polarization-dependent device comprises: (a) a source region and a drain region separated by a channel region having a length L, formed on a substrate: (b) a dielectric layer on a least a portion of the channel region; and (c) a molecular layer on the dielectric layer, the molecular layer comprising molecules having a switchable dipolar moiety. Addition of a gate over the molecular layer permits fabrication of a transistor, while omission of the gate, and utilization of suitable molecules that are sensitive to various changes in the environment permits fabrication of a variety of sensors. The molecular transistor and sensors are suitable for high density nanoscale circuits and are less expensive than prior art approaches. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURE THERMOELECTRIC DEVICE

A semiconductor heterostructure thermoelectric device ( 101 ). The semiconductor heterostructure thermoelectric device ( 101 ) includes at least one thermoelectric heterostructure unit ( 110 ). The thermoelectric heterostructure unit ( 110 ) includes a first portion ( 112 ) composed of a first semiconductor material and a second portion ( 114 ) composed of a second semiconductor material that forms a heterojunction ( 116 ) with the first portion ( 112 ). The first semiconductor material has a first electrical conductivity and a first thermal conductivity; and, the second semiconductor material has a second electrical conductivity and a second thermal conductivity. The second semiconductor material is disposed as at least one sub-micron patch ( 244 d ) of the second portion ( 114 ). In addition, the second semiconductor material includes an alloy of the first semiconductor material with an alloying constituent. The dimensionless figure of merit of performance for the semiconductor heterostructure thermoelectric device ( 101 ), defined by ZT, is greater than unity.

NANOSCALE ELECTRONIC DEVICE

One example of the present invention is a nanoscale electronic device comprising a first conductive electrode, a second conductive electrode, and an anisotropic dielectric material layered between the first and second electrodes having a permittivity in a direction approximately that of the shortest distance between the first and second electrodes less than the permittivity in other directions within the anisotropic dielectric material. Additional examples of the present invention include integrated circuits that contain multiple nanoscale electronic devices that each includes an anisotropic dielectric material layered between first and second electrodes having a permittivity in a direction approximately that of the shortest distance between the first and second electrodes less than the permittivity in other directions within the anisotropic dielectric material.

IONIC DEVICES CONTAINING A MEMBRANE BETWEEN LAYERS

A device contains a first layer (), a second layer (); and a membrane () between the first and second layers (). Mobile ions () are in at least one of the first and second layers (), and the membrane () is permeable to the ions. Interfaces of the conductive membrane () with the first layer () and the second layer () are such that charge of a polarity of the ions (425) collects at the interfaces. 1. An ionic device comprising:{'b': '420', 'a first layer ();'}{'b': '440', 'a second layer (); and'}{'b': 425', '420', '440', '425', '420', '440, 'ions () in at least one of the first layer () and the second. layer (), wherein the ions () are mobile in the first layer () and the second layer (); and'}{'b': 430', '430', '430', '420', '440, 'a membrane () between the first layer and the second layers, wherein the membrane () is permeable to the ions, and the membrane () has interfaces with the first layer () and the second layer () are such that charge having a polarity of the ions collects at the. interfaces.'}2420420. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first layer () contains impurities that create an affinity in the first layer () for charge of a polarity opposite to the polarity of the ions.3420420. The device of claim 2 , wherein the second layer () contains impurities that create an affinity in the second layer () for charge of the polarity opposite the polarity of the ions.4420440. The device of claim 3 , wherein a concentration of the impurities in the first layer () differs from a concentration of the impurities in the second layer ().5440425430. The device of claim 1 , wherein the second layer () has a resistance that changes in response to movement of the ions () through the membrane ().6420425430440. The device of claim 5 , wherein the first layer () has a resistance that changes less in response to movement of the ions () through the membrane () than does the resistance of the second layer ().7420425. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first layer () has a ...

Scattering spectroscopy nanosensor

A scattering spectroscopy nanosensor includes a nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate to produce an optical scattering response signal indicative of a presence of an analyte when interrogated by an optical stimulus. The scattering spectroscopy nanosensor further includes a protective covering to cover and protect the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate. The protective covering is to be selectably removed by exposure to an optical beam incident on the protective covering. The protective covering is to prevent the analyte from interacting with the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate prior to being removed.

Method and apparatus for controlling light flux with sub-micron plasmon waveguides

Apparatuses and methods for modulating electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. A plasmon waveguide including an array of metallic nanoparticles disposed on a dielectric substrate is provided. The plasmon waveguide is disposed on a MEMS structure. An electromagnetic radiation signal is applied to a tapered fiber disposed proximate the MEMS structure. The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation signal passing through the tapered fiber is modified by displacing a deformable member of the MEMS structure to modify a distance between the plasmon waveguide and the tapered fiber such that an evanescent field of the tapered fiber causes a plasmon resonance in the plasmon waveguide.

MEMFET RAM

A non-volatile field-effect device. The non-volatile field-effect device includes a source, a drain, a channel-formation portion and a memristive gate. The channel-formation portion is disposed between and coupled with the source and the drain. The memristive gate is disposed over the channel-formation portion and coupled with the channel-formation portion. The memristive gate includes a plurality of mobile ions and a confinement structure for the plurality of mobile ions. Moreover, the memristive gate is configured to switch the channel-formation portion from a first conductivity state to a second conductivity state in response to migration of the plurality of mobile ions within the confinement structure.

Transistor and sensors made from molecular materials with electric dipoles

A polarization-dependent device is provided that includes organic materials having electric dipoles. The polarization-dependent device comprises: (a) a source region and a drain region separated by a channel region having a length L, formed on a substrate; (b) a dielectric layer on at least a portion of the channel region; and (c) a molecular layer on the dielectric layer, the molecular layer comprising molecules having a switchable dipolar moiety. Addition of a gate over the molecular layer permits fabrication of a transistor, while omission of the gate, and utilization of suitable molecules that are sensitive to various changes in the environment permits fabrication of a variety of sensors. The molecular transistor and sensors are suitable for high density nanoscale circuits and are less expensive than prior art approaches.

Metamaterial structures for light processing and method of processing light

A metamaterial structure for light processing includes a light guide and a composite resonant electromagnetic (EM) structure having a resonant frequency. The composite resonant EM structure is arranged to interact with light propagating along the light guide to upconvert a frequency of the light to the resonant frequency, which generates second and higher harmonics of the light frequency. Methods of processing light are also disclosed.

Memristors with insulation elements and methods for fabricating the same

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to nanoscale memristor devices that provide nonvolatile memristive switching. In one embodiment, a memristor device comprises an active region disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode. The device includes a first insulation element disposed between the first electrode and an outer portion of a first surface of the active region. The first insulation element is configured with one or more opening through which the first electrode makes physical contact with the active region. The device also includes a second insulation element disposed between the second electrode and an outer portion of a second surface of the active region. The second insulation element is configured with one or more opening through which the second electrode makes physical contact with the second surface.

Dynamically varying an optical characteristic of light by a sub-wavelength grating

An apparatus for dynamically varying an optical characteristic of a light beam includes an optical element configured to receive a beam of light. The optical element includes at least one sub-wavelength grating formed of a plurality of lines. The apparatus includes at least one actuator connected to at least one component of the optical element and a controller for controlling the at least one actuator to dynamically vary a characteristic of the beam of light that is at least one of emitted through and reflected from the optical element.

Memristor devices configured to control bubble formation

Various embodiments of the present invention are direct to nanoscale, reconfigurable, two-terminal memristor devices. In one aspect, a device (400) includes an active region (402) for controlling the flow of charge carriers between a first electrode (104) and a second electrode (106). The active region is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes a storage material. Excess mobile oxygen ions formed within the active region are stored in the storage material by applying a first voltage.

Graphite-based sensor

A graphite-based sensor includes an undoped graphite structure that adsorbs foreign atoms and molecules. A magnetization detection device includes a substrate on which the graphite structure is adhered, a current source by which a current is applied to the substrate and the graphite structure, and a voltage measuring device coupled to the substrate. When the graphite structure adsorbs the gas molecules, the graphite structure exhibits a ferromagnetic-type behavior, and a corresponding voltage generated in the magnetic detection device changes.

Metamaterials and methods of making the same

A metamaterial includes a non-linear organic material and a plurality of metallic resonators embedded substantially within the non-linear organic material.

Photo-responsive memory resistor and method of operation

An optically-controlled memory resistor includes (1) a memory resistor having a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photo-responsive active layer disposed between the first and second electrodes and (2) a light source in cooperation with the memory resistor. The light source is configured to controllably illuminate the memory resistor for affecting a resistance state exhibited by the memory resistor. Also, a method for operating a memory resistor includes changing a resistance state of the memory resistor in response to an application of photons to the memory resistor.

Plasmonic electric-field concentrator arrays and systems for performing raman spectroscopy

Various embodiments of the present invention relate to plasmonic electric-field concentrators and to systems incorporating the plasmonic electric-field concentrators to perform Raman spectroscopy. In one aspect, a plasmonic electric-field concentrator comprises two or more large features, and a relatively small feature similar in shape to large features positioned adjacent to the two or more large features. The features are arranged so that when light of an appropriate wavelength is incident on the features, surface plasmon polaritons form on the outer surfaces of the features. The surface plasmon polaritons have associated electric fields extending perpendicular to the surfaces of the features. The electric fields are concentrated in the space between features forming an electric field hot spot that enhances Raman scattered light emitted from an analyte proximate to or absorbed on the features.

Scrambling and descrambling systems for secure communication

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to scrambling-descrambling systems for encrypting and decrypting electromagnetic signals transmitted in optical and wireless networks. In one aspect, a system (1302) for scrambling electromagnetic signals comprises a first electronically reconfigurable electro-optical material (1402) positioned to receive a beam of electromagnetic radiation including one or more electromagnetic signals encoding data. The beam is transmitted through the electro-optical material (1402) and a two-dimensional speckled pattern (1410) is introduced into the cross-section of the beam such that data encoded in the one or more electromagnetic signals is scrambled. System embodiments also include a system (1304) for descrambling scrambled electromagnetic signals, the systems comprising a second electronically reconfigurable electro-optical material (1502) configured to remove the two-dimensional speckled pattern from the beam revealing the one or more electromagnetic ...

Light emitting diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) includes a p-type layer, an n-type layer, and an active layer arranged between the p-type layer and the n-type layer. The active layer includes at least one quantum well adjacent to at least one modulation-doped layer. Alternatively, or in addition thereto, at least one surface of the n-type layer or the p-type layer is texturized to form a textured surface facing the active layer.

SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY NANOSENSOR

A scattering spectroscopy nanosensor includes a nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate to produce an optical scattering response signal indicative of a presence of an analyte when interrogated by an optical stimulus. The scattering spectroscopy nanosensor further includes a protective covering to cover and protect the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate. The protective covering is to be selectably removed by exposure to an optical beam incident on the protective covering. The protective covering is to prevent the analyte from interacting with the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate prior to being removed. 1. A scattering spectroscopy nanosensor comprising:a nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate to produce an optical scattering response signal indicative of a presence of an analyte when interrogated by an optical stimulus; anda protective covering to cover and protect the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate, the protective covering is to be selectably removed by exposure to an optical beam incident on the protective covering,wherein the protective covering is to prevent the analyte from interacting with the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate prior to being removed.2. The scattering spectroscopy nanosensor of claim 1 , wherein nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate comprises a surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate claim 1 , and wherein the optical scattering response signal is a Raman scattered signal to be produced by the analyte.3. The scattering spectroscopy nanosensor of claim 2 , wherein the SERS sensing substrate comprises a plurality of nanorods arranged in an array claim 2 , at least some of the nanorods having a metallic tip to adsorb the analyte claim 2 , the tip being at a free end of the nanorod opposite to an end that is attached to a support.4. The scattering spectroscopy nanosensor of claim 1 , wherein the protective covering is to be selectively removed by one of ablation of a material of the protective covering by the optical ...

Multi-tiered network for gathering detected condition information

A multi-tiered network for gathering detected condition information includes a first tier having first tier nodes and a second tier having a second tier node. The second tier node is operable to receive detected condition information from at least one of the first tier nodes in a substantially autonomous manner. In addition, the second tier node is operable to at least one of store, process, and transmit the detected condition information. The network also includes a third tier having a third tier node configured to receive the detected condition information and to at least one of store and process the detected condition information.

DYNAMICALLY RECONFIGURABLE HOLOGRAMS WITH CHALCOGENIDE INTERMEDIATE LAYERS

Various embodiments of the present invention relate to dynamically reconfigurable hologram comprising a phase-modulation layer and an intensity-control layer. The phase modulation layer comprises an electronically programmable erasable negative index material crossbar. The crossbar includes a first layer of approximately parallel nanowires (502) and a second layer of approximately parallel nanowires (504) that overlay the nanowires in the first layer. The nanowires in the first and second layers have substantially regularly spaced fingers. The crossbar also includes resonant elements (812) comprising a chalcogenide-based layer (1000) sandwiched between the nanowire in the first layer and the nanowire in the second layer.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy employing vibrating nanorods

A surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) apparatus, system and method employ a plurality of nanorods configured to vibrate. The apparatus includes the nanorods having tips at free ends opposite an end attached to a substrate. The tips are configured to adsorb an analyte and to vibrate at a vibration frequency. The apparatus further includes a vibration source configured to vibrate the free ends of the nanorods at the vibration frequency in a back-and-forth motion. Vibration of the nanorods is configured to facilitate detection of a Raman scattering signal emitted by the analyte adsorbed on the nanorod tips. The system further includes a synchronous detector configured to receive the Raman signal and to be gated cooperatively with the vibration of the nanorods. The method includes inducing a vibration of the nanorods, illuminating the vibrating tips to produce a Raman signal, and detecting the Raman signal using the detector.

Nanowire heterostructures and methods of forming the same

A NERS-active structure is disclosed that includes at least one heterostructure nanowire. The at least one heterostructure nanowire may include alternating segments of an NERS-inactive material and a NERS-active material in an axial direction. Alternatively, the alternating segments may be of an NERS-inactive material and a material capable of attracting nanoparticles of a NERS-active material. In yet another alternative, the heterostructure nanowire may include a core with alternating coatings of an NERS-inactive material and a NERS-active material in a radial direction. A NERS system is also disclosed that includes a NERS-active structure. Also disclosed are methods for forming a NERS-active structure and methods for performing NERS with NERS-active structures.

HOLOGRAPHIC MIRROR FOR OPTICAL INTERCONNECT SIGNAL ROUTING

A holographic mirror 10 for re-directing an optical signal that includes a base 14 having an outer surface 16, and a plurality of discrete nano-structures 12 formed into the outer surface of the base. Each nano-structure has an out-of-plane dimension 20 that is within an order of magnitude of one or both in-plane dimensions 22. The plurality of nano-structures are configured in a repeating pattern with a predetermined spacing 18 between nano-structures for re-directing an optical signal.

IMAGE VIEWING SYSTEMS WITH AN INTEGRATED SCREEN LENS

This disclosure is directed to rear projection and front projection image viewing systems. In one aspect, an image viewing system includes a screen composed of a lens and a reflective diffuser with a microstructured surface. The system also includes an array of projectors. Each projector is to project an image onto the screen with a particular angle of incidence such that each image is to pass through the lens and is to be reflected back though the lens by the reflective diffuser with a horizontal scattering angle determined by the microstructured surface. The lens is to direct each reflected image to a particular viewing area so that a viewer located in at least one viewing area receives a reflected image that enters one or both of the viewer's eyes when the viewer looks at the screen.

A LOW-FORWARD-VOLTAGE MOLECULAR RECTIFIER

A single molecular species having a low- forward-voltage rectifying property is provided. The molecular species is represented by the formula (a), where A is a "conducting" moiety (with a relatively narrow HOMO-LUMO gap), IL and IR are each an "insulating" moiety (with a relatively wide HOMO-LUMO gap), CL is a connecting group for an attachment to a first electrode, and CR is a connecting group for attachment to a second electrode. Also, a low-forward-voltage rectifying molecular rectifier is provided, comprising the molecular species attached between the two electrodes. The present teachings provide a set of design rues to build single-molecule rectifying diodes that opearte at low forward and large revers voltages. Such single-molecule rectifying diodes are useful in a variety of nano-scale applications. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Scattering spectroscopy nano sensor

A scattering spectroscopy nanosensor includes a nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate to produce an optical scattering response signal indicative of a presence of an analyte when interrogated by an optical stimulus. The scattering spectroscopy nanosensor further includes a protective covering to cover and protect the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate. The protective covering is to be selectably removed by exposure to an optical beam incident on the protective covering. The protective covering is to prevent the analyte from interacting with the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate prior to being removed.

Memristive array with waveguide

A device includes one or more waveguides and a memristive array adjacent to the waveguide(s). The memristive array is programmable to form a pattern that diffracts light and couples diffracted light into or out of the waveguide(s).

Magnetic sensor based on efficient spin injection into semiconductors

A magnetic sensor based on efficient spin injection of spin-polarized electrons from ferromagnets into semiconductors and rotation of electron spin under a magnetic field. Previous spin injection structures suffered from very low efficiency (less than 5). A spin injection device with a semiconductor layer sandwiched between delta-doped layers and ferromagnets allows for very high efficient (close to 100%) spin polarization to be achieved at room temperature, and allows for high magneto-sensitivity and very high operating speed, which in turn allows devising ultra fast and sensitive magnetic sensors.

MAGNETIC FIELD SENSING

An apparatus for magnetic field sensing, the apparatus comprising a graphitic material to exhibit a change in magneto-resistance (MR) in response to a sensed magnetic field, and a circuit in communication with the graphitic material, the circuit to receive an input from the graphitic material, the input being indicative of the MR change, and generate data corresponding to an angle of incidence for the magnetic field in response to the received input. Also disclosed is a method for magnetic field sensing, the method comprising positioning a graphitic material to sense a magnetic field, the graphitic material exhibiting a change in magneto-resistance (MR) in response to the magnetic field, and generating data corresponding to an angle of incidence for the magnetic field based on the MR change.

Memristor with a non-planar substrate

A memristor includes a substrate having a plurality of protrusions, wherein each of the plurality of protrusions extends in a first direction, a first electrode provided over at least one of the plurality of protrusions, wherein the first electrode conforms to the shape of the at least one protrusion such that the first electrode has a crest, a switching material positioned upon the first electrode; and a second electrode positioned upon the switching material such that a portion of the second electrode is substantially in line with the crest of the first electrode along the first direction, wherein an active region in the switching material is operable to be formed between the crest of the first electrode and the portion of the second electrode that is substantially in line with the crest of the first electrode.

Holographic mirror for optical interconnect signal routing

A holographic mirror 10 for re-directing an optical signal that includes a base 14 having an outer surface 16, and a plurality of discrete nano-structures 12 formed into the outer surface of the base. Each nano-structure has an out-of-plane dimension 20 that is within an order of magnitude of one or both in-plane dimensions 22. The plurality of nano-structures are configured in a repeating pattern with a predetermined spacing 18 between nano-structures for re-directing an optical signal.

MULTIPLE CONCURRENT SPECTRAL ANALYSES

According to an example, apparatuses for performing multiple concurrent spectral analyses on a sample under test include an optical system to concurrently direct a plurality of light beams onto analytes at multiple locations on the sample under test, in which the plurality of light beams cause light in either or both of a Raman spectra and a non-Raman spectra to be emitted from the analytes at the multiple locations of the sample under test. The apparatuses also include a detector to concurrently acquire a plurality of spectral measurements of the light emitted from the analytes at the multiple locations of the sample under test. Example methods of performing spectral analysis include use of the apparatuses. 1. An apparatus for performing multiple concurrent spectral analyses on a sample under test , said apparatus comprising:an optical system to concurrently direct a plurality of light beams onto analytes at multiple locations on the sample under test, wherein the plurality of light beams cause light in either or both of a Raman spectra and a non-Raman spectra to be emitted from the analytes at the multiple locations of the sample under test; anda detector to concurrently acquire a plurality of spectral measurements of the light emitted from the analytes at the multiple locations of the sample under test.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:a processor to process the plurality of spectral measurements to generate spectral representations of the analytes at the multiple locations of the sample under test, wherein each of the generated spectral measurements includes at least one of the Raman spectra and the non-Raman spectra.3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a first location of the multiple locations on the sample under test is functionalized for enhanced Raman scattering and a second location of the multiple locations on the sample under test is functionalized for enhanced non-Raman signal emission.4. The apparatus according to ...

Random negative index material structures in a three-dimensional volume

Materials and methods for fabricating and using negative index materials are disclosed. A negative index material comprises a three-dimensional volume including a bulk solution and a plurality of unit cells disposed in the bulk solution in a substantially random pattern. Each unit cell comprises a periodic hole array pattern on a substrate or a resonator formed on a first surface of a substrate, and a thin wire pattern formed on a second surface of the substrate. The combination of the unit cells in the bulk solution produces a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity over a frequency band of interest for the three-dimensional volume. The negative index material may be used to focus radiation by directing an incident radiation at the negative index material and generating a focused radiation by a negative refraction of the incident radiation in the negative index material.

Injection cold emitter with negative electron affinity based on wide-gap semiconductor structure with controlling base

A cold electron emitter may include a heavily n+ doped wide band gap (WBG) substrate, a p-doped WBG region, and a low work function metallic layer (n+-p-M structure). A modification of this structure includes heavily p+ doped region between p region and M metallic layer (n+-p-p+-M structure). These structures make it possible to combine high current emission with stable (durable) operation. The high current density is possible because the p-doped (or p+ heavily doped) WBG region acts as a negative electron affinity material when in contact with low work function metals. The injection emitters with the n+-p-M and n+-p-p+-M structures are stable since the emitters make use of relatively low extracting electric field and are not affected by contamination and/or absorption from accelerated ions. In addition, the structures may be fabricated with current state-of-the-art technology.

FLEXIBLE METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE BASED ON GRAPHENE STRUCTURES

A flexible graphene-based metamaterial structure is disclosed that can operate at above liquid helium or liquid nitrogen temperatures, up to room temperature or above in applications similar to those for which a superconductor-based material structure is used. The flexible graphene-based metamaterial structure is formed from a flexible substrate, and a plurality of two-dimensional graphene blocks disposed in an array on the flexible substrate, each graphene block having a plurality of graphene sheets. The lateral dimension of the face of the graphene blocks is dependent on the temperature of operation of the flexible metamaterial structure. The flexible graphene-based metamaterial structure can be used for cloaking, with application in magnetic shielding.

Method and system of tracking optical beam shift

An optical interconnect includes an optical transmitter having a plurality of optical sources; a light sensing array configured to receive optical beams emitted from the optical sources; and a beam tracking module in communication with the light sensing array. The beam tracking module is configured to calculate a displacement of at least one of the optical beams by extrapolating an extremum from cross-correlation data obtained between at least a portion of a sample reading from the light sensing array and at least a portion of a plurality of shifted versions of a reference reading from the light sensing array. A related method includes calculating a displacement of an optical beam by extrapolating an extremum from cross-correlation data obtained between a sample reading of the optical beam and at least a portion of a plurality of shifted versions of a reference reading from the light sensing array.

Structure and method for modulating light

A structure includes a film having a plurality of nanoapertures and a semiconductor layer in connection with the film. The nanoapertures are configured to allow the transmission of a predetermined subwavelength of light through the film via the plurality of nanoapertures. The semiconductor layer facilitates the modulation of the predetermined subwavelength of light transmitted through the film. The structure also includes a carrier generator for modulating the predetermined subwavelength of light by generating charge carriers.

COVERT LABEL STRUCTURE

A covert label structure comprising a three dimensional diffracting optical element layer ( 100 ) having a depth profile for producing a predetermined pattern, wherein different portions of a top surface of the diffracting optical element layer ( 100 ) have at least two different depths relative to a bottom surface of the diffracting optical element layer ( 100 ), wherein the depth profile spans across two dimensions of the top surface of the diffracting optical element layer ( 100 ), and wherein the top surface reflects light according to the predefined pattern and an overcoat layer ( 108 ) over the top surface of the diffracting optical element layer ( 100 ) wherein the overcoat layer ( 108 ) is opaque to at least one wavelength of light.

THERMISTOR

A thermistor includes a multi-layer graphite structure having a basal plane resistivity that increases with increasing temperature; a substrate upon which the graphite structure is mounted; current and voltage electrodes attached to the graphite structure; current and voltage wiring; and a voltage measuring device to measure voltage out when current is applied to the thermistor.

Polarized radiation source using spin extraction/injection

Spin-polarized electrons can be efficiently extracted from an n-doped semiconductor layer (n-S) by forming a modified Schottky contact with a ferromagnetic material (FM) and a delta-doped layer at an interface under forward bias voltage conditions. Due to spin-selection property of the FM-S junction, spin-polarized carriers appear in the n-doped semiconductor layer near the FM-S interface. If a FM-n-n'-p heterostructure is formed, where the n' region is a narrower gap semiconductor, polarized electrons from the n-S region and holes from the p-S region can diffuse into the n'-S region under the influence of independent voltages applied between the FM and n' regions and the n' and p regions. The polarized electrons and holes recombine in the n'-S region and produce polarized light. The polarization can be controlled and modulated by controlling the applied voltages.

Systems for performing Raman spectroscopy

Various embodiments of the present invention relate generally to systems for performing Raman spectroscopy. In one embodiment, a system for performing Raman spectroscopy comprises an analyte holder having a surface configured to retain an analyte and a light concentrator configured to receive an incident beam of light, split the incident beam into one or more beams, and direct the one or more beams to substantially intersect at the surface. The system may also include a collector configured to focus each of the one or more beams onto the surface, collect the Raman scattered light emitted from the analyte, and direct the Raman scattered light away from the surface.

Efficient spin-injection into semiconductors

An efficient spin injection into semiconductors. Previous spin injection devices suffered from very low efficiency (less than 2% at room temperature) into semiconductors. A spin injection device with a delta-doped layer placed between a ferromagnetic layer and a semiconductor allows for very high efficient (close to 100%) spin injection to be achieved at room temperature.

Method and apparatus for electromagnetic resonance and amplification using negative index material

An electromagnetic resonance device includes an input reflector, an output reflector, and a negative index material (NIM) disposed between the input reflector and the output reflector. The input reflector and output reflector are configured to be reflective to radiation having a wavelength of interest. The NIM is configured to have a negative refraction at the wavelength of interest. A first radiation is reflected by the input reflector toward the first surface of the NIM, passes through the NIM, and is focused on the output reflector as a second radiation. The second radiation is reflected by the output reflector toward the second surface of the NIM, passes through the NIM, and is focused on the input reflector as the first radiation. A gain medium may be included to amplify the first radiation and the second radiation to generate a laser radiation.

Silicon-germanium, quantum-well, light-emitting diode

A silicon-germanium, quantum-well, light-emitting diode. The light-emitting diode includes a p-doped portion, a quantum-well portion, and an p-doped portion. The quantum-well portion is disposed between the p-doped portion and the n-doped portion. The quantum-well portion includes a carrier confinement region that is configured to facilitate luminescence with emission of light produced by direct recombination with a hole confined within the carrier confinement region. The p-doped portion includes a first alloy of silicon-germanium, and the n-doped portion includes a second alloy of silicon-germanium.

DEVICE WITH TUNABLE PLASMON RESONANCE

A device includes a resonator capable of supporting a plasmon mode, a gain structure arranged to couple energy into the resonator, and a memristive layer arranged to provide an interaction with the plasmon mode. An electric signal applied to the memristive layer can change the interaction and change a resonant frequency of the plasmon mode.

A COMPOSITION OF MATTER WHICH RESULTS IN ELECTRONIC SWITCHING THROUGH INTRA- OR INTER- MOLECULAR CHARGE TRANSFER BETWEEN MOLECULES AND ELECTRODES INDUCED BY AN ELECTRICAL FIELD

A composition of matter is provided that results in a change of electrical properties through intra-molecular charge transfer or inter-molecular charge transfer or charge transfer between a molecule (12) and an electrode (14, 16; 14', 16'), wherein the charge transfer is induced by an electric field. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Fresnel antenna

A Fresnel antenna includes a plurality of Fresnel elements spaced to selectively attenuate electromagnetic waves having a predetermined wavelength, selected wavelengths, or range of wavelengths, and to concentrate electromagnetic waves having a predetermined wavelength, selected wavelengths, or range of wavelengths other than the attenuated wavelengths.

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY LIGHT AMPLIFYING STRUCTURE

A light amplifying structure 100 for Raman spectroscopy includes a a resonant cavity 108. A distance between a first portion 102B and a second portion 102A of the structure 100 forming the resonant cavity 108 is used to amplify excitation light emitted from a light source 420 into the resonant cavity 108 at a first resonant frequency of the resonant cavity 108. Also, the resonant cavity 108 amplifies radiated light radiated from a predetermined molecule excited by the excitation light in the resonant cavity at a second resonant frequency of the resonant cavity 108.

Covert label structure

A covert label structure comprising a three dimensional diffracting optical element layer (100) having a depth profile for producing a predetermined pattern, wherein different portions of a top surface of the diffracting optical element layer (100) have at least two different depths relative to a bottom surface of the diffracting optical element layer (100), wherein the depth profile spans across two dimensions of the top surface of the diffracting optical element layer (100), and wherein the top surface reflects light according to the predefined pattern and an overcoat layer (108) over the top surface of the diffracting optical element layer (100) wherein the overcoat layer (108) is opaque to at least one wavelength of light.

Spin injection control using electric current

Devices such as transistors, amplifiers, frequency multipliers, and square-law detectors use injection of spin-polarized electrons from one magnetic region, into another through a control region and spin precession of injected electrons in a magnetic field induced by current in a nanowire. In one configuration, the nanowire is also one of the magnetic regions and the control region is a semiconductor region between the magnetic nanowire and the other magnetic region. Alternatively, the nanowire is insulated from the control region and the two separate magnetic regions. The relative magnetizations of the magnetic regions can be selected to achieve desired device properties. A first voltage applied between one magnetic region and the other magnetic nanowire or region causes injection of spin-polarized electrons through the control region, and a second voltage applied between the ends of the nanowire causes a current and a magnetic field that rotates electron spins to control device conductivity ...

GRID HEAT SINK

A grid heat sink includes primary fins extending from a base and cross fins which intersect the primary fins and form a number of channels. A fan moves cooling air through the channels to remove heat from the primary and cross fins. In one illustrative embodiment, the grid heat sink includes a base, a plurality of intersecting fins, and a plurality of channels formed by the intersecting fins. Each of the channels accept cooling air at an input side of the grid heat sink and direct the cooling air to exit an output side of the grid heat sink.

Multi-wavelength Raman light detection for detecting a species

An apparatus for detecting at least one species using Raman light detection includes at least one laser source for illuminating a sample containing the at least one species. The apparatus also includes a modulating element for modulating a spatial relationship between the sample and the light beams to cause relative positions of the sample and the light beams to be oscillated, in which Raman light at differing intensity levels are configured to be emitted from the at least one species based upon the different wavelengths of the light beams illuminating the sample. The apparatus also includes a Raman light detector and a post-signal processing unit configured to detect the at least one species.

COMPOSITE MATERIAL WITH CONTROLLABLE RESONANT CELLS

An apparatus (100) for controlling propagation of incident electromagnetic radiation (110) is described, comprising a composite material (102) having electromagnetically reactive cells (106) of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation (110). At least one of a capacitive and inductive property of at least one of the electromagnetically reactive cells (106) is temporally controllable to allow temporal control of an associated effective refactive index encountered by the incident electromagnetic radiation (110) while propagating through the composite material (106). © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Cylindrical resonators for optical signal routing

A system for routing optical signals includes a waveguide array and a cylindrical resonator lying across the waveguide array, the cylindrical resonator having independently controllable tangential interfaces with each of the waveguides within the waveguide array. A method of selectively routing an optical signal between waveguides includes selecting a optical signal to route; determining the desired path the optical signal; tuning a first controllable interface between a cylindrical resonator and a source waveguide to extract the optical signal from the source waveguide; and tuning a second independently controllable interface between the cylindrical resonator and a destination waveguide to deposit the optical signal into the destination waveguide.

DYNAMICALLY VARYING AN OPTICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A LIGHT BEAM

An apparatus for dynamically varying an optical characteristic of a light beam includes an optical element configured to receive a beam of light. The optical element includes at least one sub-wavelength grating formed of a plurality of lines. The apparatus includes at least one actuator connected to at least one component of the optical element and a controller for controlling the at least one actuator to dynamically vary a characteristic of the beam of light that is at least one of emitted through and reflected from the optical element.

Spin injection devices

Devices such as transistors, amplifiers, frequency multipliers, and square-law detectors use injection of spin-polarized electrons from one magnetic region, into another through a control region and spin precession of injected electrons in a magnetic field induced by current in a nanowire. In one configuration, the nanowire is also one of the magnetic regions and the control region is a semiconductor region between the magnetic nanowire and the other magnetic region. Alternatively, the nanowire is insulated from the control region and the two separate magnetic regions. The relative magnetizations of the magnetic regions can be selected to achieve desired device properties. A first voltage applied between one magnetic region and the other magnetic nanowire or region causes injection of spin-polarized electrons through the control region, and a second voltage applied between the ends of the nanowire causes a current and a magnetic field that rotates electron spins to control device conductivity ...

TRAVELING WAVE DIELECTROPHORESIS SENSING DEVICE

The present disclosure is drawn to traveling wave dielectrophoresis sensing devices and associated methods. In an example, a traveling wave dielectrophoresis sensing device can comprise an array of electromagnetic field enhancing nanostructures attached to the substrate, the electromagnetic field enhancing nanostructures including a metal; a plurality of conductive element electrically associated with the electromagnetic field enhancing nanostructures; and a controller for applying alternating and out of phase potential to the plurality of conductive elements to form traveling wave dielectrophoretic forces within the array. 1. A traveling wave dielectrophoresis sensing device , comprising:a substrate; andan array of electromagnetic field enhancing nanostructures attached to the substrate, the electromagnetic field enhancing nanostructures comprising a metal;a plurality of conductive element electrically associated with the electromagnetic field enhancing nanostructures; anda controller for applying alternating and out of phase potential to the plurality of conductive elements to form traveling wave dielectrophoretic forces within the array.2. The traveling wave dielectrophoresis sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the controller is adapted to create the traveling wave dielectrophoretic force for generating a hot spot within the array.3. The traveling wave dielectrophoresis sensing device of claim 2 , the device further comprising a mobile engineered particle within the array claim 2 , the mobile engineered particle including a metal.4. The traveling wave dielectrophoresis sensing device of claim 3 , wherein the hot spot is generated by movement of the mobile engineered particle toward one or more of the electromagnetic field enhancing nanostructures.5. The traveling wave dielectrophoresis sensing device of claim 3 , wherein the mobile engineered particle is modified with a surface active ligand that is formulated to attract an analyte claim 3 , and wherein i) the ...

Memristor having a nanostructure in the switching material

A memristor includes a first electrode having a first surface, at least one electrically conductive nanostructure provided on the first surface, in which the at least one electrically conductive nanostructure is relatively smaller than a width of the first electrode, a switching material positioned upon said first surface, in which the switching material covers the at least one electrically conductive nanostructure, and a second electrode positioned upon the switching material substantially in line with the at least one electrically conductive nanostructure, in which an active region in the switching material is formed substantially between the at least one electrically conductive nanostructure and the first electrode.

Composite material with controllable resonant cells

An apparatus for controlling propagation of incident electromagnetic radiation is described, comprising a composite material having electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation. At least one of a capacitive and inductive property of at least one of the electromagnetically reactive cells is temporally controllable to allow temporal control of an associated effective refractive index encountered by the incident electromagnetic radiation while propagating through the composite material.

Ionic devices with interacting species

An ionic device includes a layer of an ionic conductor containing first and second species of impurities. The first species of impurity in the layer is mobile in the ionic conductor, and a concentration profile of the first species determines a functional characteristic of the device. The second species of impurity in the layer interacts with the first species within the layer to create a structure that limits mobility of the first species in the layer.

Method and apparatus for electromagnetic resonance and amplification using negative index material

An electromagnetic resonance device includes an input reflector, an output reflector, and a negative index material (NIM) disposed between the input reflector and the output reflector. The input reflector and output reflector are configured to be reflective to radiation having a wavelength of interest. The NIM is configured to have a negative refraction at the wavelength of interest. A first radiation is reflected by the input reflector toward the first surface of the NIM, passes through the NIM, and is focused on the output reflector as a second radiation. The second radiation is reflected by the output reflector toward the second surface of the NIM, passes through the NIM, and is focused on the input reflector as the first radiation. A gain medium may be included to amplify the first radiation and the second radiation to generate a laser radiation.

Nanoparticle waveguide apparatus, system and method

A nanoparticle waveguide apparatus, a nanoparticle waveguide photonic system and a method of photonic transmission employ a nearfield-coupled nanoparticle (NCN) waveguide to cooperatively propagate an optical signal. The nanoparticle waveguide apparatus includes a first optical waveguide adjacent to a second optical waveguide, the first optical waveguide comprising an NCN waveguide having a plurality of nanoparticles. The nanoparticle waveguide photonic system further includes a nearfield coupling (NC) modulator. The method includes providing the NCN waveguides and modulating a coupling between one or both of first and second NCN waveguides and adjacent nanoparticles within one or both of the first and second NCN waveguides.

Device with tunable plasmon resonance

A device includes a resonator capable of supporting a plasmon mode, a gain structure arranged to couple energy into the resonator, and a memristive layer arranged to provide an interaction with the plasmon mode. An electric signal applied to the memristive layer can change the interaction and change a resonant frequency of the plasmon mode.

Free-standing nanowire sensor and methods for forming and using the same

A sensing device includes a nanowire configured to deform upon exposure to a force, and a transducer for converting the deformation into a measurement. The nanowire has two opposed ends; and the transducer is operatively connected to one of the two opposed ends of the nanowire. The other of the two opposed ends of the nanowire is freestanding.

Self-Repairing Memristor and Method

A self-repairing memristor (300) and methods of operating a memristor (10), (310) and repairing a memristor (10), (310) employ thermal annealing (110). The thermal annealing (110) removes a short circuit in an oxide layer (12), (312) of the memristor (10), (310). Thermal annealing (110) includes heating the memristor (10), (310) to a predetermined annealing temperature for a predetermined annealing time period. The memristor (10), (310) returns to an electrically open circuit condition after the short circuit is removed.

Composite material with controllable resonant cells

An apparatus (100) for controlling propagation of incident electromagnetic radiation (110) is described, comprising a composite material (102) having electromagnetically reactive cells (106) of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation (110). At least one of a capacitive and inductive property of at least one of the electromagnetically reactive cells (106)is temporally controllable to allow temporal control of an associated effective refactive index encountered by the incident electromagnetic radiation (110) while propagating through the composite material (106).

Grating for multiple discrete wavelengths of Raman scattering

Systems and methods employ a layer having a pattern that provides multiple discrete guided mode resonances for respective couplings of separated wavelengths into the layer. Further, a structure including features shaped to enhance Raman scattering to produce light of the resonant wavelengths can be employed with the patterned layer.

Optical steering device and method

An optical device for steering radiation comprises a superprism structure a negative index of refraction for electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of 2omega only, and a photon upconversion structure disposed to upconvert a portion of incident electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of omega to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of 2omega and to couple a portion of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a frequency omega and the upconverted electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of 2omega into the superprism structure.

Square-law detector based on spin injection and nanowires

Ultrafast square-law detectors amplify electric currents and electromagnetic waves with frequencies on the order of 100 GHz or more. The detectors use injection of spin-polarized electrons from a magnetic film or region into another magnetic film or region through a thin semiconductor control region. A signal current flowing through a conductive nanowire induces a magnetic field causing precession of electron spin injected inside the semiconductor layer and thereby changing the conductivity of the detector. With the magnetizations of the magnetic regions being parallel or antiparallel to each other, the resulting spin injection current includes a term proportional to the square of the signal current so that the detector behaves as a square-law detector. Such square-law detectors are magnetic-semiconductor heterostructures and can operate as a frequency doubler for millimeter electromagnetic waves.

Bistable molecular mechanical devices with an appended rotor activated by an electric field for electronic switching, gating and memory applications

In accordance with the present invention, nanometer-scale reversible electronic switches are provided that can be assembled to make cross-bar circuits that provide memory, logic, and communications functions. The electronic switches, or crossed-wire devices, comprise a pair of crossed wires that form a junction where one wire crosses another at an angle other than zero degrees and at least one connector species connecting the pair of crossed wires in the junction. The junction has a functional dimension in nanometers, wherein at least one connector species and the pair of crossed wires forms an electrochemical cell. The connector species comprises a bistable molecule having a general formula given by The bistable molecules evidence high switching speed. Such molecules are essentially stable against switching due to thermal fluctuations.

ADJUSTABLE INTERSURFACE SPACING FOR SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

A sensor for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor includes surfaces and an actuator to adjust an intersurface spacing between the surfaces to contain an analyte and allow the analyte to be released from containment. 1. A sensor for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) , the sensor comprising:a first surface;a second surface; andan actuator to adjust an intersurface spacing between the first and second surfaces to establish a first distance between the first and second surfaces to contain an analyte and a second distance between the first and second surfaces to allow the analyte to be released from containment.2. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a nanostructure to form at least part of the first surface.3. The sensor of claim 2 , wherein the nanostructure comprises a nanostructure selected from the group consisting of a nanowire claim 2 , a nanopost claim 2 , a roughened surface and a quantum dot.4. The sensor of claim 2 , further comprising an additional nanostructure to form at least part of the second surface.5. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a compliant layer disposed on at least one of the first and second substrates to cause the first and second surfaces to conform to each other.6. The sensor of claim 5 , wherein the compliant member comprises at least one of a film and a nanostructure.7. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising:a nanostructure; anda metal disposed on the nanostructure to form one of the first and second surfaces.8. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising:a nanostructure; anda dielectric layer disposed on the nanostructure to form one of the first and second surfaces.9. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the actuator comprises an actuator selected from the group consisting of a piezoelectric-based actuator claim 1 , a memory metal-based actuator claim 1 , a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based sensor claim 1 , a pneumatic-based actuator claim 1 , a bimetallic-based actuator and a thermal ...

ELECTRONIC AND PLASMONIC ENHANCEMENT FOR SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

An apparatus for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy includes a substrate, a nanostructure and a plasmonic material. The nanostructure and the plasmonic material are integrated together to provide electronic and plasmonic enhancement to a Raman signal produced by electromagnetic radiation scattering from an analyte. 1. An apparatus for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) , the apparatus comprising:a substrate;a nanostructure; anda plasmonic material,wherein the nanostructure and the plasmonic material are integrated together to provide electronic and plasmonic enhancement to a Raman signal produced by electromagnetic radiation scattering from an analyte.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructure comprises a Group II-VI or a Group III-V semiconductor.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plasmonic material comprises a metal selected from gold claim 1 , silver claim 1 , aluminum claim 1 , copper claim 1 , palladium claim 1 , nickel and platinum.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the plasmonic material is less than 100 nanometers.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructure comprises at least one of a quantum dot and a nanowire.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of nanostructures including the nanostructure disposed on the substrate claim 1 , wherein the sizes of the nanostructures vary across the substrate.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of nanostructures including the nanostructure disposed on the substrate claim 1 , wherein compositions of the nanostructures vary across the substrate.8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the compositions comprise different semiconductor compositions.9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:a resonator disposed on the nanostructure.10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the resonator comprises at least one of a Bragg mirror and a partial reflector.11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the partial reflector has a ...

Thermistor

A thermistor includes a multi-layer graphite structure having a basal plane resistivity that increases with increasing temperature; a substrate upon which the graphite structure is mounted; current and voltage electrodes attached to the graphite structure; current and voltage wiring; and a voltage measuring device to measure voltage out when current is applied to the thermistor.

Flow sensing systems and methods

A flow sensing system is provided. The system can include a first graphitic member and a first measurement device communicatively coupled to the first graphitic member. The first measurement device is adapted to measure a voltage along each of a plurality of orthogonal axes defined by the first graphitic member. The system can further include a display communicatively coupled to the first measurement device, the display adapted to convert the measured voltages into a signal proportionate to the fluid flow past the first graphitic member.

Rich color image processing method and apparatus

Techniques for rich color image processing are disclosed. The techniques include using an array of tunable optical filter elements to define pixels of an image. The tunable optical filter elements are tuned over a range of optical frequencies to control the color filtering of the individual pixels. Exemplary embodiments for image capture and projection are illustrated.

Memristive Device

A memristive device includes a first electrode, a second electrode crossing the first electrode at a non-zero angle, and an active region disposed between the first and second electrodes. The active region has a controlled defect profile throughout its thickness.

IONIC DEVICES WITH INTERACTING SPECIES

An ionic device includes a layer () of an ionic conductor containing first and second species () of impurities. The first species () of impurity in the layer () is mobile in the ionic conductor, and a concentration profile of the first species () determines a functional characteristic of the device (). The second species () of impurity in the layer () interacts with the first species () within the layer () to create a structure () that limits mobility of the first species () in the layer (). 1. A device comprising:{'b': '220', 'a layer () of an ionic conductor;'}{'b': 222', '220', '222', '222', '200, 'a first species () of impurity in the layer (), wherein the first species () is mobile in the ionic conductor, and a concentration profile of the first species () determines an operational characteristic of the device (); and'}{'b': 224', '220', '224', '222', '220', '226', '222', '220, 'a second species () of impurity in the layer (), wherein the second species () interacts with the first species () within the layer () to create a structure () that limits mobility of the first species () in the layer ().'}2222220. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first species () is charged and moves to change the concentration profile in response to a voltage applied across the layer ().3226222220. The device of claim 2 , wherein the structure () that limits mobility of the first species () becomes disassociated in response to the voltage applied across the layer ().4224222. The device of claim 2 , wherein the second species () has a charge of a polarity opposite to that of the first species ().5324. The device of claim 2 , wherein the second species () is uncharged.6324. The device of claim 2 , wherein the second species () is immobile in the ionic conductor.7220. The device of claim 1 , wherein the operational characteristic is a resistance or an optical property of the layer ().8224220222220. The device of claim 1 , wherein an average concentration of the second species () in ...

Metamaterial and dynamically reconfigurable hologram employing same

A negative index material (or metamaterial) crossbar includes a first layer of approximately parallel nanowires and a second layer of approximately parallel nanowires that overlay the nanowires in the first layer. The nanowires in the first layer are approximately perpendicular in orientation to the nanowires in the second layer. Each nanowire of the first layer and each nanowire of the second layer has substantially regularly spaced fingers. The crossbar further includes resonant elements at nanowire intersections between the respective layers. Each resonant element includes two fingers of a nanowire in the first layer and two fingers of a nanowire in the second layer.

Nanowire photodiodes

A photodiode includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a nanowire comprising a semiconductor core and a semiconductor shell. The nanowire has a first end and a second end, the first end being in electrical contact with the first electrode and the second end being in contact with the second electrode.

Molecule detection using Raman light detection

An apparatus for detecting at least one molecule using Raman light detection includes a substrate for supporting a sample containing the at least one molecule, a laser source for emitting a laser beam to cause Raman light emission from the at least one molecule, a modulating element for modulating a spatial relationship between the laser beam and the substrate at an identified frequency to cause the Raman light to be emitted from the at least one molecule at the identified frequency, at least one detector for detecting the Raman light emitted from the at least one molecule, and a post-signal processing unit configured to process the detected Raman light emission at the identified frequency to detect the at least one molecule.

PATTERN RECOGNITION USING ACTIVE MEDIA

A pattern recognition system includes an active media, an input system, and a sensing system. The active media is such that initial states respectively evolve over time to distinguishable final states. The input system establishes in the active media in an initial state corresponding to an input pattern, and the sensing system measures the media at separated locations to identify of which of the final states the media has after an evolution time. The identification of the final state indicates a feature of the input pattern.

Photonic guiding device

A photonic guiding device and methods of making and using are disclosed. The photonic guiding device comprises a large core hollow waveguide configured to interconnect electronic circuitry on a circuit board. A reflective coating covers an interior of the hollow waveguide to provide a high reflectivity to enable light to be reflected from a surface of the reflective coating. A collimator is configured to collimate multi-mode coherent light directed into the hollow waveguide.

SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING FOR OPTICAL TRANSMISSION

A system includes an optical Y-junction coupler to receive a first modulated optical signal on a wide input path of the optical Y-junction coupler and to receive a second modulated optical signal on a narrow input path of the optical Y-junction coupler, wherein the optical Y-junction coupler generates a combined optical signal from signals received on the wide input path and the narrow input path. A multimode waveguide receives the combined optical signal from the optical Y-junction coupler and propagates a spatially multiplexed optical output signal along a transmission path. 1. A system comprising:an optical Y-junction coupler to receive a first modulated optical signal on a wide input path of the optical Y-junction coupler and to receive a second modulated optical signal on a narrow input path of the optical Y-junction coupler, wherein the optical Y-junction coupler generates a combined optical signal from signals received on the wide input path and the narrow input path; anda multimode waveguide to receive the combined optical signal from the optical Y-junction coupler and to propagate a spatially multiplexed optical output signal along a transmission path.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the transmission path is an optical communications bus claim 1 , an optical backplane claim 1 , or a signal path within a light processor that employs optical signals for data processing claim 1 , communications claim 1 , or instruction execution.3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) claim 1 , a Fabry-Perot laser claim 1 , or a distributed feedback laser coupled to the optical Y-junction coupler.4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the VCSEL is modulated via on-off keying (OOK) method claim 3 , a frequency-keyed shifting (FSK) method claim 3 , pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) method or a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) method.5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) modulator ...

Scrambling and descrambling systems for secure communication

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to scrambling-descrambling systems for encrypting and decrypting electromagnetic signals transmitted in optical and wireless networks. In one aspect, a system (1302) for scrambling electromagnetic signals comprises a first electronically reconfigurable electro-optical material (1402) positioned to receive a beam of electromagnetic radiation including one or more electromagnetic signals encoding data. The beam is transmitted through the electro-optical material (1402) and a two-dimensional speckled pattern (1410) is introduced into the cross-section of the beam such that data encoded in the one or more electromagnetic signals is scrambled. System embodiments also include a system (1304) for descrambling scrambled electromagnetic signals, the systems comprising a second electronically reconfigurable electro-optical material (1502) configured to remove the two-dimensional speckled pattern from the beam revealing the one or more electromagnetic ...

Ordered array of nanoparticles for efficient nanoenhanced Raman scattering detection and methods of forming the same

Methods of forming NERS-active structures are disclosed that include ordered arrays of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles covered with an outer shell may be arranged in an ordered array on a substrate using Langmuir-Blodgett techniques. A portion of the outer shell may be removed, and the exposed nanoparticles may be used in a system to perform nanoenhanced Raman spectroscopy. An ordered array of nanoparticles may be used as a mask for forming islands of NERS-active material on a substrate. NERS-active structures and an NERS system that includes an NERS-active structure are also disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for performing NERS with NERS-active structures.

Fast injection optical switch

A fast injection optical switch is disclosed. The optical switch includes a thyristor having a plurality of layers including an outer doped layer and a switching layer. An area of the thyristor is configured to receive a light beam to be directed through at least one of the plurality of layers and exit the thyristor at a predetermined angle. At least two electrodes are coupled to the thyristor and configured to enable a voltage to be applied to facilitate carriers from the outer doped layer to be directed to the switching layer. Sufficient carriers can be directed to the switching layer to provide a change in refractive index of the switching layer to redirect at least a portion of the light beam to exit the thyristor at a deflection angle different from the predetermined angle.

OPTICAL SENSOR NETWORKS AND METHODS FOR FABRICATING THE SAME

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to sensor networks and to methods for fabricating sensor networks. In one aspect, a sensor network includes a processing node (110, 310), and one or more sensor lines (102,202,302) optically coupled to the processing node. Each sensor line comprises a waveguide (116,216,316), and one or more sensor nodes (112,210). Each sensor node is optically coupled to the waveguide and configured to measure one or more physical conditions and, encode measurement results in one or more wavelengths of light carried by the waveguide to the processing node.

THERMOELECTRIC DEVICE HAVING A VARIABLE CROSS-SECTION CONNECTING STRUCTURE

A thermoelectric device having a variable cross-section connecting structure includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a connecting structure connecting the first electrode and the second electrode. The connecting structure has a first section and a second section. The width of the second section is greater than the width of the first section, and the width of the first section is less than a width that is approximately equivalent to a phonon mean free path through the first section. 1. A thermoelectric device having a variable cross-section connecting structure , said thermoelectric device comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode; anda connecting structure having a first section and a second section, said connecting structure connecting the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first section has a width and the second section has a width, wherein the width of the second section is greater than the width of the first section, and wherein the width of the first section is less than a width that is approximately equivalent to a mean free path of phonons through the first section.2. The thermoelectric device according to claim 1 , wherein the connecting structure has a third section claim 1 , wherein further the first section is located between the second section and the third section claim 1 , and wherein the third section has a width greater than the width of the first section.3. The thermoelectric device according to claim 1 , wherein the second section comprises a tapered cross section and wherein the first section is connected to a tip at one end of the tapered cross section.4. The thermoelectric device according to claim 1 , wherein the first section comprises a material selected from the group consisting of silicon claim 1 , germanium claim 1 , bismuth telluride claim 1 , lead telluride claim 1 , bismuth antimonide claim 1 , lanthanum chalcogenide and alloys of one or more of silicon claim 1 , germanium claim 1 , bismuth ...

GRAPHITE-BASED SENSOR

A graphite-based sensor includes an undoped graphite structure that adsorbs foreign atoms and molecules. A magnetization detection device includes a substrate on which the graphite structure is adhered, a current source by which a current is applied to the substrate and the graphite structure, and a voltage measuring device coupled to the substrate. When the graphite structure adsorbs the gas molecules, the graphite structure exhibits a ferromagnetic-type behavior, and a corresponding voltage generated in the magnetic detection device changes. 1. A graphite-based sensor , comprising:an undoped graphite structure formed to adsorb foreign atoms and molecules; and a substrate on which the graphite structure is adhered,', 'a current source by which a current is applied to the substrate and the graphite structure, and', 'a voltage measuring device coupled to the substrate, wherein when the graphite structure adsorbs the gas molecules, the graphite structure exhibits a ferromagnetic-type behavior, and a corresponding voltage generated in the magnetic detection device changes., 'a magnetic detection device, comprising2. The graphite-based sensor of claim 1 , wherein the foreign atoms and molecules are gas atoms and molecules.3. The graphite-based sensor of claim 2 , wherein the gas atoms and molecules include oxygen claim 2 , bromine claim 2 , sulfur claim 2 , and nitrogen.4. The graphite-based sensor of claim 1 , wherein the foreign atoms and molecules are liquid atoms and molecules.5. The graphite-based sensor of claim 1 , wherein the graphite structure comprises few layers-thick graphene (FLG).6. The graphite-based sensor of claim 1 , wherein the graphite structure is a graphite powder (GP) structure claim 1 , and wherein the graphite-based sensor further comprises a container mechanism that contains the GP structure.7. The graphite-based sensor of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is a Hall bar.8. The graphite-based sensor of claim 1 , wherein the graphite-based sensor ...

IMAGE VIEWING SYSTEMS WITH CURVED SCREENS

This disclosure is directed to image viewing systems. In one aspect, an image viewing system includes a curved screen with a concave viewing surface, and an array of projectors. Each projector is positioned to project a different image onto the viewing surface from a different angle and the viewing surface is to reflect each image to a different viewing area with a horizontal scattering angle that defines the size of each viewing area. A viewer located in at least one viewing area is to receive a reflected image that enters one or both of the viewer's eyes when the viewer looks at the viewing surface. 1. An image viewing system comprising:a curved screen with a concave viewing surface; andan array of projectors, wherein each projector is positioned to project a different image onto the viewing surface from a different angle of incidence and the viewing surface is to reflect each image to a different viewing area with a horizontal scattering angle that defines the size of each viewing area, and wherein a viewer located in at least one viewing area is to receive a reflected image that enters one or both of the viewer's eyes when the viewer looks at the viewing surface.21. The system of clam , wherein the array of projectors have a concave arrangement that faces the screen.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the concave viewing surface is curved to match a portion of the curved outer surface of a cylinder.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the concave viewing surface is curved to match a portion of the curved outer surface of a sphere5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the concave viewing surface further comprises grooves with sinusoidal wave patterns that extend parallel to the viewing area.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the concave viewing surface further comprises grooves with sinusoidal wave patterns with an amplitude to period ratio that determines the horizontal scattering angle of light reflected from the viewing surface.7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ...

Memristors with Asymmetric Electrodes

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to nanoscale memristor devices that provide nonvolatile memristive switching. In one embodiment, a memristor device () comprises an active region (), a first electrode () disposed on a first surface of the active region, and a second electrode () disposed on a second surface of the active region, the second surface opposite the first surface. The first electrode is configured with a larger width than the active region in a first direction, and the second electrode is configured with a larger width than the active region in a second direction. Application of a voltage to at least one of the electrodes produces an electric field across a sub-region () within the active region between the first electrode and the second electrode. 1100. A memristor device () comprising:{'b': '102', 'an active region ();'}{'b': '104', 'a first electrode () disposed on a first surface of the active region, the first electrode configured with a larger width than the active region in a first direction; and'}{'b': 106', '108, 'a second electrode () disposed on a second surface of the active region, the second surface opposite the first surface and the second electrode configured with a larger width than the active region in a second direction, wherein application of a voltage to at least one of the electrodes produces an electric field across a sub-region () within the active region between the first electrode and the second electrode.'}2. The memristor of wherein the first direction is substantially orthogonal to the second direction.3302. The memristor of further comprises a patterned opening () in at least one of the electrodes claim 1 , the patterned opening concentrating the electric field within the sub-region.4304307. The memristor of wherein the patterned opening further comprises one or more edges (-).5. The memristor of wherein the patterned opening further comprises one of: a clover-like configuration claim 3 , a circle claim 3 , a ...

PHASE DETECTION OF RAMAN SCATTERED LIGHT

An apparatus for phase detection of Raman scattered light emitted from a sample includes a first polarizer positioned along a first optical path containing a first beam and a second polarizer positioned along a second optical path containing a second beam. The first polarizer and second polarizer polarize the first beam and the second beam in one of mutually perpendicular and mutually parallel first and second directions. The apparatus also includes an optical phase modulator positioned along the second optical path to controllably modulate a phase of the second beam, a beam splitter positioned to join the first beam and the second beam together, and a spectrometer to receive the joined first beam and second beam and to measure a phase shift of the first beam and the second beam. 1. An apparatus for phase detection of Raman scattered light emitted from a sample , said apparatus comprising:a first polarizer positioned along a first optical path containing a first beam of the Raman scattered light and a second polarizer positioned along a second optical path containing a second beam of the Raman scattered light, said first polarizer and second polarizer to polarize the first beam and the second beam in one of mutually perpendicular and mutually parallel first and second directions;an optical phase modulator positioned along the second optical path, wherein the optical phase modulator is to controllably modulate a phase of the second beam;a beam splitter positioned to join the first beam and the second beam together; anda spectrometer to receive the joined first beam and second beam and to measure a phase shift of the first beam and the second beam.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the Raman scattered light has a first component claim 1 , a second component claim 1 , and a third component claim 1 , said apparatus further comprising:a light source rejecting filter positioned to filter light from the Raman scattered light along a third component direction ...

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE RECEIVING ANTENNA

An electromagnetic wave receiving antenna includes a spiral element configured to selectively attenuate electromagnetic waves having a predetermined wavelength, selected wavelengths, or range of wavelengths, and to concentrate electromagnetic waves having a predetermined wavelength, selected wavelengths, or range of wavelengths other than the attenuated wavelengths. 1. An electromagnetic wave receiving antenna , comprising:a spiral element configured to selectively attenuate electromagnetic waves having a predetermined wavelength, selected wavelengths, or range of wavelengths, and to concentrate electromagnetic waves having a predetermined wavelength, selected wavelengths, or range of wavelengths other than the attenuated wavelengths,wherein the spiral element is formed from a metal or heavily doped semiconductor, and wherein the wave receiving antenna further comprises:an electromagnetic wave amplifying layer disposed in contact with the spiral element; anda metal plasmon collector layer disposed in contact with the electromagnetic wave amplifying layer and spaced from the spiral element by the electromagnetic wave amplifying layer.2. The electromagnetic wave receiving antenna as defined in claim 1 , wherein the concentrated electromagnetic waves have wavelengths within a band including infra-red light claim 1 , visible light claim 1 , ultra-violet light claim 1 , or combinations thereof.3. The electromagnetic wave receiving antenna as defined in claim 1 , wherein adjacent coils of the spiral element are spaced from about 300 nm to about 850 nm apart.4. An electromagnetic wave detector system claim 1 , comprising:an electromagnetic wave detector; and{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the electromagnetic wave receiving antenna as defined in operatively connected to the electromagnetic wave detector.'}5. The electromagnetic wave detector system as defined in wherein the electromagnetic wave detector is a photo detector.6. The electromagnetic wave ...

IMAGE VIEWING SYSTEMS WITH DYNAMICALLY RECONFIGURABLE SCREENS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIEWING

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to image viewing systems. In one aspect, an image viewing system includes a projection system (), and a dynamically reconfigurable screen (). The projection system projects two or more images of perspective views of objects or a scene onto the screen. The screen is dynamically reconfigured to separately reflect each image to an associated viewing zone, enabling a viewer looking at the screen to the view the objects or the scene from different viewing zones 1. An image viewing system comprising:{'b': 104', '504', '604, 'a projection system (, , ); and'}{'b': 102', '502', '602, 'a dynamically reconfigurable screen (, , ), wherein the projection system projects two or more images onto the screen, and wherein the screen is dynamically reconfigured to separately reflect each image to a different associated viewing zone, enabling a viewer looking at the screen to view each image from a different viewing zone.'}2504. The system of claim 1 , wherein the projection system further comprises a single video projector () operated to project each image in a separate and approximately equal duration time slot.3502. The system of claim 1 , wherein the dynamically reconfigurable screen () further comprises:{'b': '210', 'a substrate ();'}{'b': '212', 'an actuator layer () disposed on the substrate; and'}{'b': '206', 'an array of mirror plates () coupled to the actuator layer such that the actuator layer is configured and operated to reorient the mirror plates to reflect each image to an associated viewing zone.'}4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the actuator layer can be operated to rotate the mirror plates to reflect each of the two or more images to an associated viewing zone.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the dynamically reconfigurable screen further comprises:{'b': '210', 'a substrate ();'}{'b': '21', 'an actuator layer ( disposed on the substrate; and'}an array of mirror plates coupled to the actuator layer, wherein ...

SLOT-LINE WAVEGUIDE OPTICAL SWITCH SYSTEM AND METHOD

A slot-line waveguide optical switch system and method are disclosed. An optical switch system can include a slot-line waveguide optical switch that includes a plurality of wall portions that are each formed from a high refractive-index material and that are arranged to form a channel portion comprising an electro-optic material interposed to extend between the plurality of wall portions. The channel portion can include an input channel to receive an input optical signal and plural output channels to receive the input optical signal from the input channel. A channel switching system can provide a voltage to an electrode coupled to a corresponding wall portion to change a relative refractive index in the output channels via the electro-optic material and thereby switch the input optical signal to one of the output channels. 1. An optical switch system comprising:a slot-line waveguide optical switch comprising a plurality of wall portions that are each formed from a high refractive-index material and that are arranged to form a channel portion comprising an electro-optic material interposed to extend between the plurality of wall portions, the channel portion comprising an input channel to receive an input optical signal and plural output channels to receive the input optical signal from the input channel; anda channel switching system to provide a voltage to an electrode coupled to a corresponding wall portion to change a relative refractive index in the output channels via the electro-optic material and thereby switch the input optical signal to one of the output channels.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the channel portion comprises a poled channel portion having a predetermined electro-optic effect.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of wall portions comprises a first wall portion claim 1 , a second wall portion claim 1 , a third wall portion claim 1 , and a fourth wall portion claim 1 , the input channel being formed between the first and second ...

PROCESS POLING FOR MATERIAL CONFIGURATION

A method includes fabricating a circuit element and a connection to the circuit element for a photonic integrated circuit. The method includes associating a configurable material with the circuit element and activating the configurable material via a poling rail and the connection to the circuit element during production of the integrated circuit. 1. A method , comprising:fabricating a circuit element and a connection to the circuit element for a photonic integrated circuit;associating a configurable material with the circuit element; andactivating the configurable material to a state via a poling rail that is coupled to the connection such that the configurable material remains in the state following fabrication of the photonic integrated circuit.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the poling rail after the configurable material is activated.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising fabricating the poling rail as a metallic material or as a doped semiconductor material.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising energizing the poling rail to apply an electric field to the circuit element to activate the configurable material to the state.5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising applying the electric field at a temperature above one hundred degrees Celsius to activate the configurable material.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein activating the configurable material further comprises applying a current or a thermal gradient via the poling rail to activate the configurable material.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the configurable material comprises an electro-optic material deposited on to the circuit element.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the configurable material comprises a polymer.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the circuit element comprises a switch claim 1 , an optical waveguide claim 1 , a gate claim 1 , a modulator claim 1 , or a filter.10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising altering a path length for the ...

LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

A laser communication system and method are disclosed. The laser communication system includes a laser receiver system to receive a frequency-shift keyed (FSK) optical signal encoded with a plurality of data signals. The laser receiver system including an FSK differential detection system that includes a plurality of differential detection filters that can each receive the FSK optical signal and generate an output. The FSK differential detection system can demodulate the FSK optical signal into a multi-bit digital code corresponding to a frequency of the FSK optical signal based on the output of each of the plurality of differential detection filters. 1. A laser communication system comprising a laser receiver system to receive a frequency-shift keyed (FSK) optical signal encoded with a plurality of data signals , the laser receiver system comprising an FSK differential detection system that comprises a plurality of differential detection filters that are each to receive the FSK optical signal and to generate an output , the FSK differential detection system to demodulate the FSK optical signal into a multi-bit digital code corresponding to a frequency of the FSK optical signal based on the output of each of the plurality of differential detection filters.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the FSK differential detection system is to generate a plurality of currents corresponding to the respective plurality of differential detection filters claim 1 , the laser receiver system to generate the multi-bit digital code corresponding to the plurality of data signals based on a mathematical relationship of the plurality of currents.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of differential detection filters comprises a pair of differential detection filters to receive the FSK optical signal claim 1 , each of the pair of differential detection filters comprising:a plurality of reflecting portions to resonate the FSK optical signal;a resonator cavity within which the ...

Metal-insulator transition switching devices

A metal-insulator transition switching device includes a first electrode and a second electrode. A channel region which includes a bulk metal-insulator transition material separates the first electrode and the second electrode. A method for forming a metal-insulator transition switching device includes depositing a layer of bulk metal-insulator transition material in between a first electrode and a second electrode to form a channel region and forming a gate electrode operatively connected to the channel region.

Nanoparticle waveguide apparatus, system and method

A nanoparticle waveguide apparatus, a nanoparticle waveguide photonic system and a method of photonic transmission employ a nearfield-coupled nanoparticle (NCN) waveguide to cooperatively propagate an optical signal. The nanoparticle waveguide apparatus includes a first optical waveguide adjacent to a second optical waveguide, the first optical waveguide comprising an NCN waveguide having a plurality of nanoparticles. The nanoparticle waveguide photonic system further includes a nearfield coupling (NC) modulator. The method includes providing the NCN waveguides and modulating a coupling between one or both of first and second NCN waveguides and adjacent nanoparticles within one or both of the first and second NCN waveguides.

Image display using a virtual projector array

Image viewing systems are disclosed. In one aspect, an image viewing system includes a screen () and a projection system () that includes at least one video projector (), and at least two mirrors () associated with each video projector (). The projection system () projects different perspective views of images onto the screen (). The at least two mirrors are oriented in at least two different orientations to redirect the path of light rays from the associated video projector () to the screen (), enabling a viewer looking at the screen () to view successive views of each image. 1. An image viewing system comprising:{'b': 108', '208', '302', '402', '502', '602', '808, 'a screen (, , , , , , ); and'}{'b': 304', '310', '410', '510', '610', '810', '311', '411', '511', '611', '811', '310', '410', '510', '610', '810', '304', '108', '208', '302', '402', '502', '602', '808', '311', '411', '511', '611', '811', '310', '410', '510', '610', '810', '108', '208', '302', '402', '502', '602', '808', '108', '208', '302', '402', '502', '602', '808, 'a projection system () comprising at least one video projector (, , , , ), and at least two mirrors (, , , , ) associated with each video projector (, , , , ), wherein the projection system () projects different perspective views of images onto the screen (, , , , io , , ), and wherein the at least two mirrors (, , , , ) are oriented in at least two different orientations to re-direct the path of light rays from the associated video projector (, , , , ) to the screen (, , , , , , ), enabling a viewer looking at the screen (, , , , , , ) to view successive views of each image.'}2311411511611811310410510610810108208302402502602808. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least two mirrors ( claim 1 , claim 1 , claim 1 , claim 1 , ) are coordinated to re-direct the path of light rays from the at least one video projector ( claim 1 , claim 1 , claim 1 , claim 1 , ) to produce a translational shift in position on the screen ( claim 1 , claim 1 , ...

DYNAMIC OPTICAL CROSSBAR ARRAY

A dynamic optical crossbar array includes a first set of parallel transparent electrode lines, a bottom set of parallel electrode lines that cross said transparent electrode lines, and an optically variable material disposed between said first set of transparent electrode lines and said bottom set of electrode lines. 1. A dynamic optical crossbar array comprising:a first set of parallel transparent electrode lines;a bottom set of parallel electrode lines that cross said transparent electrode lines; andan optically variable material disposed between said first set of transparent electrode lines and said bottom set of electrode lines.2. The optical crossbar array of claim 1 , in which said optically variable material comprises a Metal-Insulator Transition (MIT) material.3. The optical crossbar array of claim 2 , in which said MIT material comprises at least one of: a vanadium oxide material claim 2 , a niobium oxide material claim 2 , an iron oxide material claim 2 , a manganese oxide material claim 2 , and a titanium oxide material claim 2 , a tungsten oxide material and strontium titanate.4. The optical crossbar array of claim 1 , in which said optically variable material comprises a memristive material claim 1 , a semiconducting region of said memristive material being adjacent to said transparent electrode lines.5. The optical crossbar array of claim 1 , further comprising an electrical condition source to selectively apply an electrical condition between one of said transparent electrode lines and one of said bottom electrode lines.6. The optical crossbar array of claim 5 , in which said electrical condition is applied to crosspoints of said optical crossbar array such that a surface of said crossbar array forms an optical grating.7. The optical crossbar array of claim 5 , further comprising a control module to adjust optical properties of said optically variable material by adjusting said electrical condition applied at crosspoints within said optical crossbar ...

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Apparatus, methods, and hollow metal waveguides to perform surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a hollow metal waveguide to direct Raman photons from an intermediate location within a volume of the hollow metal waveguide toward a distal end of the hollow metal waveguide, and a mirror to direct incident light from a light source to the intermediate location within the volume of the hollow metal waveguide and to direct at least some of the Raman photons toward the distal end. 1. An apparatus , comprising:a hollow metal waveguide to direct Raman photons from an intermediate location within a volume of the hollow metal waveguide toward a distal end of the hollow metal waveguide; anda mirror to direct incident light from a light source to the intermediate location within the volume of the hollow metal waveguide and to direct at least some of the Raman photons toward the distal end.2. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a spectrometer positioned at the distal end to collect at least some of the Raman photons.3. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a filter to permit the Raman photons to travel to the distal end and to at least partially block the incident light.4. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a light source claim 1 , wherein the light source is a vertical cavity surface emitting laser.5. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 , wherein at least one cross-section of the hollow metal waveguide has a generally parabolic shape.6. An apparatus as defined in claim 5 , wherein a cross-section of the hollow metal waveguide parallel to the distal end has a first dimension that is different than a second dimension of the cross-section.7. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a first light source and a second light source to generate second incident light at a second frequency claim 1 , wherein the mirror is to direct the second incident light approximately to ...

FIELD CONCENTRATING SURFACE ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY PLATFORMS

A field concentrating surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform includes a signal amplifying material and a pattern of apertures extending through the signal amplifying material. The pattern of apertures includes a central aperture, and a plurality of radiation capturing apertures positioned around the central aperture. Each of the radiation capturing apertures has a diameter that is larger than a diameter of the central aperture. The platform further includes a substrate that supports the signal amplifying material and a channel that extends through the substrate. The channel is at least partially aligned with the central aperture that extends through the signal amplifying material. 1. A field concentrating surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform , comprising:a signal amplifying material; a central aperture; and', 'a plurality of radiation capturing apertures positioned around the central aperture, each of the radiation capturing apertures having a diameter that is larger than a diameter of the central aperture;, 'a pattern of apertures extending through the signal amplifying material, the pattern of apertures includinga substrate supporting the signal amplifying material; anda channel extending through the substrate and at least partially aligned with the central aperture extending through the signal amplifying material.2. The field concentrating SERS platform as defined in wherein the pattern of apertures further includes a plurality of radiation concentrating apertures positioned between the central aperture and the plurality of radiation capturing apertures claim 1 , each of the radiation concentrating apertures having a diameter that is larger than the diameter of the central aperture and smaller than the diameter of each of the radiation capturing apertures.3. The field concentrating SERS platform as defined in wherein:the diameter of the central aperture is about λ/36;the diameter of each of the radiation concentrating apertures is ...

INTEGRATED SENSORS

Examples of integrated sensors are disclosed herein. An example of an integrated sensor includes a flexible substrate, and an array of spaced apart sensing members formed on a surface of the flexible substrate. Each of the spaced apart sensing members includes a plurality of polygon assemblies. The polygon assemblies are arranged in a controlled pattern on the surface of the flexible substrate such that each of the plurality of polygon assemblies is a predetermined distance from each other of the plurality of polygon assemblies, and each of the plurality of polygon assemblies including collapsible signal amplifying structures controllably positioned in a predetermined geometric shape. 1. An integrated sensor , comprising:a flexible substrate; andan array of spaced apart sensing members formed on a surface of the flexible substrate, each of the spaced apart sensing members including a plurality of polygon assemblies arranged in a controlled pattern on the surface of the flexible substrate such that each of the plurality of polygon assemblies is a predetermined distance from each other of the plurality of polygon assemblies, and each of the plurality of polygon assemblies including collapsible signal amplifying structures controllably positioned in a predetermined geometric shape.2. The integrated sensor as defined in wherein the predetermined geometric shape is a trigon claim 1 , a tetragon claim 1 , a pentagon claim 1 , a hexagon claim 1 , or a heptagon.3. The integrated sensor as defined in wherein the controlled pattern of the plurality of polygon assemblies includes an N×M array of the polygon assemblies claim 1 , wherein N and M are individually chosen from 2 to 2000.4. The integrated sensor as defined in wherein the collapsible signal amplifying structures include metal-capped polymer nano-pillars claim 1 , metal-coated polymer nanoflakes claim 1 , metal-coated mushroom-shaped nano-structures claim 1 , or metal-ringed polymer nano-pillars.5. The integrated ...

GERMANIUM ON INSULATOR APPARATUS

In an implementation, a Germanium on insulator apparatus is fabricated by forming a patterned masking layer on a Silicon on insulator (SOI) layer that leaves a portion of the SOI layer exposed, implanting Germanium onto the exposed portion of the SOI layer to form a Silicon-Germanium island, depositing amorphous Germanium over the Silicon-Germanium island and the patterned masking layer, removing the patterned masking layer and the amorphous Germanium that was deposited onto the patterned masking layer to produce a Silicon-Germanium composite stripe, and annealing the Silicon-Germanium composite stripe to crystallize the amorphous Germanium in the Silicon-Germanium composite stripe. 1. A method for fabricating a Germanium on insulator apparatus , said method comprising:forming a patterned masking layer on a Silicon on insulator (SOI) layer that leaves a portion of the SOI layer exposed;implanting Germanium onto the exposed portion of the SOI layer to form a Silicon-Germanium island;depositing amorphous Germanium over the Silicon-Germanium island and the patterned masking layer;removing the patterned masking layer and the amorphous Germanium that was deposited onto the patterned masking layer to produce a Silicon-Germanium composite stripe; andannealing the Silicon-Germanium composite stripe to crystallize the amorphous Germanium in the Silicon-Germanium composite stripe.2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:patterning the masking layer to form a substantially linear channel to expose a substantially linearly extending portion of the SOI layer prior to implanting the Germanium onto the exposed portion of the SOI layer.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein implanting Germanium onto the exposed portion of the SOI layer further comprises implanting the Germanium into the Silicon of the SOI layer in the exposed portion to form a substantially linearly extending Silicon-Germanium stripe claim 2 , and wherein removing the patterned masking layer ...

MEMRISTORS WITH ASYMMETRIC ELECTRODES

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to nanoscale memristor devices that provide nonvolatile memristive switching. In one embodiment, a memristor device comprises an active region, a first electrode disposed on a first surface of the active region, and a second electrode disposed on a second surface of the active region, the second surface opposite the first surface. The first electrode is configured with a larger width than the active region in a first direction, and the second electrode is configured with a larger width than the active region in a second direction. Application of a voltage to at least one of the electrodes produces an electric field across a sub-region within the active region between the first electrode and the second electrode. 115-. (canceled)16. A memristor device , comprising:an active region;a first electrode disposed on a first surface of the active region, the first electrode configured with a smaller width than the active region in a first direction; anda second electrode disposed on a second surface of the active region, the second surface opposite the first surface and the second electrode configured with a larger width than the active region in a second direction, wherein application of a voltage to at least one of the electrodes produces an electric field across a sub-region within the active region between the first electrode and the second electrode; anda patterned opening in at least one of the electrodes, the patterned opening comprising multiple edges and concentrating the electric field within the sub-region.17. The memristor device of claim 16 , wherein the patterned opening resembles a four-leaf clover.18. The memristor device of claim 16 , wherein the multiple edges are located over the sub-region.19. The memristor device of claim 16 , wherein the active region retains a state after a drift field resultant from the application of the voltage is removed.20. The memristor device of claim 16 , wherein at least one ...

IMAGE CAPTURE USING A VIRTUAL CAMERA ARRAY

Image capturing systems are disclosed. In one aspect, an image capturing system includes an image capture device and at least two light-deflecting devices associated with the image capture device. The image capture device is capable of capturing different perspective views of objects in a scene. The at least two light-deflecting devices are positioned between the image capture device and the scene. The at least two light-deflecting devices are capable of being oriented in at least two different orientations to re-direct the path of light rays from the objects in the scene to the associated image capture device, enabling the capture of successive perspective views of the scene. 1. An image capture system comprising:an image capture device; andat least two light-deflecting devices associated with the image capture device, wherein the image capture device is capable of capturing different perspective views of objects in a scene, wherein the at least two light-deflecting devices are positioned between the image capture device and the scene, and wherein the at least two light-deflecting devices are capable of being oriented in at least two different orientations to re-direct the path of light rays from the objects in the scene to the associated image capture device, enabling the capture of successive views of the scene.2. The image capture system of claim 1 , wherein the at least two light-deflecting devices are capable of being coordinated to re-direct the path of light rays from the scene to the image capture device to derive a translational shift in position at the image capture device of the different perspective views of the scene.3. The image capture system of claim 2 , further comprising at least one actuation system operably connected to at least one of the light-deflecting devices claim 2 , and wherein the at least one actuation system is operable to change an angular orientation of the at least one light-deflecting device relative to the path of the light rays ...

SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY NANO SENSOR

A scattering spectroscopy nanosensor includes a nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate to produce an optical scattering response signal indicative of a presence of an analyte when interrogated by an optical stimulus. The scattering spectroscopy nanosensor further includes a protective covering to cover and protect the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate. The protective covering is to be selectably removed by exposure to an optical beam incident on the protective covering. The protective covering is to prevent the analyte from interacting with the nanoscale-patterned sensing substrate prior to being removed. 115-. (canceled)16. A scattering microscopy nano sensor comprising:a floor structure;a surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate supported by the floor structure;a ceiling structure extending from the floor structure and over the SERS substrate; anda lenslet supported by the ceiling structure over the SERS substrate.17. The scattering microscopy nano sensor of comprising a tubular structure providing the floor structure and the ceiling structure.18. The scattering microscopy nano sensor of claim 17 , wherein SERS substrate comprises nano rods.19. The scattering microscopy nano sensor of comprising lenslets supported by the ceiling structure over the STRS substrate.20. The scattering microscopy nano sensor of claim 19 , wherein lenslets are supported from an inner surface of the tubular structure.21. The scattering microscopy nano sensor of claim 20 , wherein the SERS substrate extends along a first interior portion of the tubular structure and wherein the lenslets extend along a second interior portion of the tubular structure claim 20 , the first interior portion excluding the lenslets and the second interior portion excluding the SERS substrate.22. The scattering microscopy nano sensor of claim 19 , wherein the lenslets are supported from an outer surface of the tubular structure.23. The scattering microscopy nano sensor of further comprising a ...

MULTIMODE MULTIPLEXING

A system includes a transmitter to multiplex a plurality of modulated optical signals and an unmodulated optical signal and to transmit the plurality of modulated optical signals and the unmodulated optical signal along a transmission path. The system also includes a receiver to de-multiplex each of the plurality of modulated optical signals and the unmodulated optical signal and to demodulate each of the plurality of modulated optical signals with the unmodulated optical signal to coherently detect a modulating signal from each of the plurality of modulated optical signals. 1. A system comprising: multiplex a plurality of modulated optical signals and an unmodulated optical signal; and', 'transmit the plurality of modulated optical signals and the unmodulated optical signal along a transmission path; and, 'a transmitter to de-multiplex each of the plurality of modulated optical signals and the unmodulated optical signal; and', 'demodulate each of the plurality of modulated optical signals with the unmodulated optical signal to coherently detect a modulating signal from each of the plurality of modulated optical signals., 'a receiver to2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of modulated optical signals includes a first modulated optical signal and a second modulated optical signal.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the transmitter comprises:a first Y-junction coupler for performing the multiplexing of the first modulated optical signal and the unmodulated optical signal;a second Y-junction coupler for performing the multiplexing of the second modulated optical signal and the unmodulated optical signal; anda third Y-junction coupler for multiplexing the first modulated optical signal multiplexed with the unmodulated optical signal and the second optical signal multiplexed with the unmodulated optical signal.4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the transmitter comprises a first multimode waveguide for outputting a spatially multiplexed optical output signal ...

Self-Exciting Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Self-exciting surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) employs an integral optical excitation source to provide an excitation signal to provide self-excitation of a SERS structure. The SERS structure includes a plurality of nanofingers having SERS-enhancing nanoparticles disposed adjacent to the nanofingers. 1. A self-exciting surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) structure comprising:a plurality of nanofingers, a nanofinger of the plurality including a nanolaser that comprises an optical gain material to provide stimulated photon emission and an optical cavity to provide optical feedback, the nanolaser being an integral optical excitation source to provide a optical excitation signal through light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation within the optical cavity; anda nanoparticle disposed adjacent to the nanofingers and comprising a SERS-enhancing material, the optical excitation signal to illuminate the nanoparticle,wherein the self-exciting SERS substrate is to produce a Raman scattering signal from an analyte in a vicinity of the illuminated nanoparticle.2. The self-exciting SERS structure of claim 1 , wherein the optical gain material comprises one or more of a III-V compound semiconductor and a II-VI compound semiconductor.3. The self-exciting SERS substrate of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle is disposed on a free end of the nanofingers opposite an end that is attached to a supporting substrate.4. The self-exciting SERS substrate of claim 3 , wherein the nanoparticle comprises a metal surface that is functionalized to preferentially adsorb the analyte.5. The self-exciting SERS substrate of claim 3 , wherein the nanofingers are arranged in an ordered array on the supporting substrate claim 3 , the ordered array comprising a multimer of nanofingers to provide a SERS hotspot between adjacent ones of the nanoparticles disposed on the free ends of the nanofingers in the multimer.6. The self-exciting SERS substrate of claim 1 , wherein the ...

MULTIPLE SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT ACQUISITION APPARATUS AND THE METHODS OF USING SAME

A system includes an illumination source, a detector and a processor. The detector acquires spectral measurements of a sample under test under at least one varying condition. The processor processes the measurements to generate at least one spectral representation that includes Raman spectra and at least one spectral representation that includes non-Raman spectra. 1. An apparatus comprising:an illumination source;a detector to acquire a plurality of spectral measurements of a sample under test under at least one varying optical condition; anda processor to process the measurements to generate at least one spectral representation that includes Raman spectra and at least one spectral representation that includes non-Raman spectra.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:a reference element; and communicate light between the illumination source and the sample under test;', 'communicate reflected light between the sample under test and the detector; and', 'communicate light between the reference element and the detector., 'an optical system to3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the optical system comprises an assembly comprising:a dichroic filter adapted to route optical communication between the illumination source and the sample under test, route optical communication between the sample under test and the detector, and route optical communication between the reference element and the detector; anda specular reflector adapted to route optical communication between the illumination source and the detector.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the illumination source comprises a laser claim 1 , and a wavelength of the source varies during the operating of the laser.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the illumination source comprises a laser claim 1 , and the illumination source is adapted to vary the power of the laser to vary the at least one optical condition.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the illumination source comprises a laser claim 1 , and the ...

Memristor Structures

A memristor structure may be provided that includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a buffer layer disposed on the first electrode. The memristor structure may include a switching layer interposed between the second electrode and the buffer layer to form, when a voltage is applied, a filament or path that extends from the second electrode to the buffer layer and to form a Schottky-like contact or a heterojunction between the filament and the buffer layer. 1. A memristor structure comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode;a buffer layer disposed on the first electrode; anda switching layer interposed between the second electrode and the buffer layer to form, when a voltage is applied, a filament that extends from the second electrode to the buffer layer and to form between the filament and the buffer layer a junction selected from the group consisting of a Schottky-like contact and a heterojunction.2. The memristor structure of wherein the buffer layer comprises a semiconductor material to form the Schottky-like contact between the filament and the buffer layer.3. The memristor structure of wherein the buffer layer comprises a conductor material to form the Schottky-like contact between the filament and the buffer layer.4. The memristor structure of wherein the buffer layer comprises a semiconductor material to form the heterojunction between the filament and the buffer layer.5. The memristor structure of wherein the buffer layer comprises a polycrystalline or amorphous material.6. The memristor structure of wherein the buffer layer comprises nanoparticles or quantum dots.7. The memristor structure of wherein the buffer layer comprises a semiconducting material selected from the group consisting of silicon claim 1 , gallium nitride claim 1 , germanium claim 1 , zinc oxide claim 1 , indium phosphide claim 1 , and gallium arsenide.8. The memristor structure of wherein the buffer layer comprises a conducting material selected from the group consisting ...

APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING SPECTROSCOPY HAVING A PARABOLIC REFLECTOR AND SERS ELEMENTS

According to an example, an apparatus for performing spectroscopy includes a parabolic reflector and a plurality of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) elements spaced from the parabolic reflector and positioned substantially at a focal point of the parabolic reflector. The parabolic reflector is to reflect Raman scattered light emitted from molecules in a near field generated by the plurality of SERS elements to substantially increase the flux of the Raman scattered light emitted out of the apparatus. 1. An apparatus for performing spectroscopy comprising:a parabolic reflector; anda plurality of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) elements spaced from the parabolic reflector and positioned substantially at a focal point of the parabolic reflector, wherein the parabolic reflector is to reflect Raman scattered light emitted from molecules in a near field generated by the plurality of SERS elements to substantially increase the flux of the Raman scattered light emitted out of the apparatus.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:an off-axis parabolic reflector positioned to direct pump light onto the SERS elements.3. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the off-axis parabolic reflector is attached to the parabolic reflector.4. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the parabolic reflector is tilted with respect to the off-axis parabolic reflector to cause excitation light emitted onto the off-axis parabolic reflector to be at an angle that differs from an angle at which the Raman scattered light is reflected from the parabolic reflector.5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:a back reflector, wherein the plurality of SERS elements is positioned between the parabolic reflector and the back reflector, and wherein Raman scattered light emitted from molecules in the near field generated by the plurality of SERS elements is to be reflected from the back reflector onto the parabolic reflector.6. The ...

APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING A SENSING APPLICATION

An apparatus for performing a sensing application may a substrate having a plurality of nano-fingers positioned to receive the dispensed solution , first and second reservoirs, first and second dispensers to dispense first and second solutions from the first and second reservoirs onto first and second subsets of the plurality of nano-fingers. The plurality of nano-fingers are flexible, such that the plurality of nano-fingers are configurable with respect to each other. The apparatus may include an illumination source to illuminate the first and second solutions and an analyte introduced around the plurality of nano-fingers, wherein light is to be emitted from the analyte in response to being illuminated. The apparatus may include a detector to detect the light emitted from the analyte. 1. An apparatus for performing a sensing application , said apparatus comprising:a reservoir to contain a solution;a dispenser to dispense the solution from the reservoir;a substrate having a plurality of nano-fingers positioned to receive the dispensed solution, wherein the plurality of nano-fingers are flexible, such that the plurality of nano-fingers are configurable with respect to each other;an illumination source to illuminate the received solution, an analyte introduced around the plurality of nano-fingers, and the plurality of nano-fingers, wherein light is to be emitted from the analyte in response to being illuminated;a detector to detect the light emitted from the analytea second reservoir to contain a second solution; anda second dispenser to dispense the second solution from the reservoir onto a second subset of the plurality of nano-fingers that differs from a subset of the plurality of nano-fingers onto which the dispenser is to dispense the solution from the reservoir, wherein the illumination source is to further illuminate the dispensed second solution and wherein the detector is to detect light emitted from an analyte introduced around the second subset of the ...

Optical structures including selectively positioned color centers, photonic chips including same, and methods of fabricating optical structures

Various aspects of the present invention are directed to optical structures including selectively positioned color centers, methods of fabricating such optical structures, and photonic chips that utilize such optical structures. In one aspect of the present invention, an optical structure includes an optical medium having a number of strain-localization regions. A number of color centers are distributed within the optical medium in a generally selected pattern, with at least a portion of the strain-localization regions including one or more of the color centers. In another aspect of the present invention, a method of positioning color centers in an optical medium is disclosed. In the method, a number of strain-localization regions are generated in the optical medium. The optical medium is annealed to promote diffusion of at least a portion of the color centers to the strain-localization regions.

Multi-emitter image formation with reduced speckle

A technique for reducing speckle in a projected image includes forming an image using a plurality of laser light emitters. An input to the plurality of laser light emitters is non-mechanically perturbed to a degree sufficient to disrupt wavefront uniformity across the array of laser light emitters.

Ionic devices containing a membrane between layers

A device contains a first layer (420), a second layer (440); and a membrane (430) between the first and second layers (420, 440). Mobile ions (425) are in at least one of the first and second layers (420, 440), and the membrane (430) is permeable to the ions. Interfaces of the conductive membrane (430) with the first layer (420) and the second layer (440) are such that charge of a polarity of the ions (425) collects at the interfaces.

Fabricating arrays of metallic nanostructures

A patterned array of metallic nanostructures and fabrication thereof is described. A plurality of nanowires is grown on a substrate, the plurality of nanowires being laterally arranged on the substrate in a predetermined array pattern. The plurality of nanowires is coated with a metal to generate a plurality of metal-coated nanowires. Vacancies between the metal-coated nanowires are filled in with a sacrificial material for stabilization, and the metal-coated nanowires are planarized. The sacrificial material is removed, the patterned array of metallic nanostructures being formed by the plurality of planarized metal-coated nanowires.

Memristive device

A memristive device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an active region disposed between the first and second electrodes. At least one of the first and second electrodes is a metal oxide electrode.

Sensing device and methods for forming and using the same

A sensing device includes a nanowire configured to deform upon exposure to a force, and a transducer for converting the deformation into a measurement. The nanowire has two opposed ends; and the transducer is operatively connected to one of the two opposed ends of the nanowire. The other of the two opposed ends of the nanowire is freestanding.

Methods and systems for implementing logic gates with spintronic devices located at nanowire crossbar junctions of crossbar arrays

Various method and system embodiments of the present invention are directed to implementing serial logic gates using nanowire-crossbar arrays with spintronic devices located at nanowire-crossbar junctions. In one embodiment of the present invention, a nanowire-crossbar array comprises a first nanowire and a number of substantially parallel control nanowires positioned so that each control nanowire overlaps the first nanowire. The nanowire-crossbar array includes a number of spintronic devices. Each spintronic device is configured to connect one of the control nanowires to the first nanowire and operate as a latch for controlling signal transmissions between the control nanowire and the first nanowire.

Memristive device

A memristive device (10, 10', 10") includes a first electrode (12), a second electrode (14) crossing the first electrode (12) at a non-zero angle, and an active region (16) disposed between the first and second electrodes (12, 14). The active region (16) has a controlled defect profile throughout its thickness (T).

Deformable optical element, methods of making and uses thereof

A deformable optical element includes an elastically deformable lens. Electrical contacts are directly attached to the elastically deformable lens and configured to receive an applied voltage. The electrical contacts have opposing surfaces configured to develop electrostatic forces in response to the applied voltage. The electrostatic forces deform the elastically deformable lens to create a predetermined optical effect.

Semiconductor heterostructure thermoelectric device

Apparatus for performing a sensing application

An apparatus for performing a sensing application includes a reservoir to contain a solution, a dispenser to dispense the solution from the reservoir, and a substrate having a plurality of nano-fingers positioned to receive the dispensed solution, in which the plurality of nano-fingers are flexible, such that the plurality of nano-fingers are configurable with respect to each other. The apparatus also includes an illumination source to illuminate the received solution, an analyte introduced around the plurality of nano-fingers, and the plurality of nano-fingers, in which light is to be emitted from the analyte in response to being illuminated. The apparatus further includes a detector to detect the light emitted from the analyte.

Fabricating arrays of metallic nanostructures

A patterned array of metallic nanostructures and fabrication thereof is described. A device comprises a patterned array of metallic columns vertically extending from a substrate. Each metallic column is formed by metallically coating one of an array of non-metallic nanowires catalytically grown from the substrate upon a predetermined lateral pattern of seed points placed thereon according to a nanoimprinting process. An apparatus for fabricating a patterned array of metallic nanostructures is also described.

Laser communication system

A laser communication system and method are disclosed. The laser communication system includes a laser receiver system to receive a frequency-shift keyed (FSK) optical signal encoded with a plurality of data signals. The laser receiver system including an FSK differential detection system that includes a plurality of differential detection filters that can each receive the FSK optical signal and generate an output. The FSK differential detection system can demodulate the FSK optical signal into a multi-bit digital code corresponding to a frequency of the FSK optical signal based on the output of each of the plurality of differential detection filters.

Germanium on insulator apparatus

In an implementation, a Germanium on insulator apparatus is fabricated by forming a patterned masking layer on a Silicon on insulator (SOI) layer that leaves a portion of the SOI layer exposed, implanting Germanium onto the exposed portion of the SOI layer to form a Silicon-Germanium island, depositing amorphous Germanium over the Silicon-Germanium island and the patterned masking layer, removing the patterned masking layer and the amorphous Germanium that was deposited onto the patterned masking layer to produce a Silicon-Germanium composite stripe, and annealing the Silicon-Germanium composite stripe to crystallize the amorphous Germanium in the Silicon-Germanium composite stripe.

Memcapacitor

A memcapacitor device (100) includes a first electrode (104) and a second electrode (106) and a memcapacitive matrix (102) interposed between the first electrode (104) and the second electrode (106). Mobile dopants (111) are contained within the memcapacitive matrix (102) and are repositioned within the memcapacitive matrix (102) by the application of a programming voltage (126) across the first electrode (104) and second electrode (106) to alter the capacitance of the memcapacitor (100). A method for utilizing a memcapacitive device (100) includes applying a programming voltage (126) across a memcapacitive matrix (102) such that mobile ions (111) contained within a memcapacitive matrix (102) are redistributed and alter a capacitance of the memcapacitive device (100), then removing the programming voltage (126) and applying a reading voltage to sense the capacitance of the memcapacitive device (100).

Indirect-bandgap-semiconductor, light-emitting diode

An indirect-bandgap-semiconductor, light-emitting diode (401). The indirect-bandgap-semiconductor, light-emitting diode (401) includes a plurality of portions including a p-doped portion (412) of an indirect-bandgap semiconductor, an intrinsic portion (414) of the indirect-bandgap semiconductor, and a n-doped portion (416) of the indirect-bandgap semiconductor. The intrinsic portion (414) is disposed between the p-doped portion (412) and the n-doped portion (414) and forms a p-i junction (430) with the p-doped portion (412), and an i-n junction (434) with the n-doped portion (416). The p-i junction (430) and the i-n junction (434) are configured to facilitate formation of at least one hot electron-hole plasma in the intrinsic portion (414) when the indirect-bandgap-semiconductor, light-emitting diode (401) is reverse biased and to facilitate luminescence produced by recombination of a hot electron with a hole.

Multi-tiered network for gathering detected condition information

A multi-tiered network (100, 100') for gathering detected condition information includes a first tier (102) having first tier nodes (104) and a second tier (106) having a second tier node (108). The second tier node (108) is operable to receive detected condition information from at least one of the first tier nodes (104) in a substantially autonomous manner. In addition, the second tier node (108) is operable to at least one of store, process, and transmit the detected condition information. The network (100, 100') also includes a third tier (110) having a third tier node (112) configured to receive the detected condition information and to at least one of store and process the detected condition information.

Holographic mirror for optical interconnect signal routing

A holographic mirror 10 for re-directing an optical signal that includes a base 14 having an outer surface 16, and a plurality of discrete nano-structures 12 formed into the outer surface of the base. Each nano-structure has an out-of-plane dimension 20 that is within an order of magnitude of one or both in-plane dimensions 22. The plurality of nano-structures are configured in a repeating pattern with a predetermined spacing 18 between nano-structures for re-directing an optical signal.

Memristors with asymmetric electrodes

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to nanoscale memristor devices that provide nonvolatile memristive switching. In one embodiment, a memristor device includes an active region, a first electrode disposed on a first surface of the active region, and a second electrode disposed on a second surface of the active region, the second surface opposite the first surface. The first electrode is configured with a smaller width than the active region in a first direction, and the second electrode is configured with a larger width than the active region in a second direction. Application of a voltage to at least one of the electrodes produces an electric field across a sub-region within the active region between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Memristive device

A memristive device (10, 10', 10") includes a first electrode (12), a second electrode (14) crossing the first electrode (12) at a non-zero angle, and an active region (16) disposed between the first and second electrodes (12, 14). The active region (16) has a controlled defect profile throughout its thickness (T).

Method and apparatus for controlling light flux with sub-micron plasmon waveguides

Apparatuses and methods for modulating electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. A plasmon waveguide including an array of metallic nanoparticles disposed on a dielectric substrate is provided. The plasmon waveguide is disposed on a MEMS structure. An electromagnetic radiation signal is applied to a tapered fiber disposed proximate the MEMS structure. The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation signal passing through the tapered fiber is modified by displacing a deformable member of the MEMS structure to modify a distance between the plasmon waveguide and the tapered fiber such that an evanescent field of the tapered fiber causes a plasmon resonance in the plasmon waveguide.

Nanowire bolometer photodetector

A photodetector for the detection of radiated electromagnetic energy includes at least one bolometer nanowire (100) disposed at least partially within a photon trap (205, 305, 405, 605). The at least one nanowire (100) has at least one blackened surface (110). The blackened surface is configured to absorb radiated electromagnetic energy ranging from far-infrared light to visible light.

Nanowire heterostructures, methods of forming the same and their enhanced raman activity

A NERS-active structure (100, 101, 102, 103) is disclosed that includes at least one heterostructure nanowire (120, 121, 220). The at least one heterostructure nanowire (120, 121, 220) may include alternating segments (140, 150) of an NERS-inactive material and a NERS-active material in an axial direction. Alternatively, the alternating segments (150, 151 ) may be of an NERS-inactive material and a material capable of attracting nanoparticles of a NERS-active material. In yet another alternative, the heterostructure nanowire (220) may include a core (240) with alternating coatings (250, 260) of an NERS- inactive material and a NERS-active material in a radial direction. A NERS system is also disclosed that includes a NERS-active structure (100, 101, 102, 103). Also disclosed are methods for forming a NERS-active structure (100, 101, 102, 103) and methods for performing NERS with NERS-active structures (100, 101, 102, 103).

Random negative index material structures in a three-dimensional volume

Materials and methods for fabricating and using negative index materials are disclosed. A negative index material comprises a three-dimensional volume including a bulk solution and a plurality of unit cells disposed in the bulk solution in a substantially random pattern. Each unit cell comprises a periodic hole array pattern on a substrate or a resonator formed on a first surface of a substrate, and a thin wire pattern formed on a second surface of the substrate. The combination of the unit cells in the bulk solution produces a negative effective permeability and a negative effective permittivity over a frequency band of interest for the three-dimensional volume. The negative index material may be used to focus radiation by directing an incident radiation at the negative index material and generating a focused radiation by a negative refraction of the incident radiation in the negative index material.

Composite material with controllable resonant cells

Apparatuses and methods for up-converting electromagnetic radiation

Various aspects of the present invention are directed to apparatuses and methods for up-converting electromagnetic radiation. In one aspect of the present invention, a plasmonic up-converter apparatus includes an excitation source operable to emit electromagnetic radiation at an excitation frequency and at least one array of nanofeatures. The at least one array of nanofeatures is configured to produce an emission spectrum responsive to irradiation by the electromagnetic radiation. The emission spectrum has an intensity at a second harmonic frequency or a third harmonic frequency approximately equal to an intensity at a fundamental harmonic frequency, with the fundamental harmonic frequency being approximately equal to the excitation frequency. Additional aspects are directed to a display that utilizes any of the disclosed plasmonic up-converter apparatuses, a laser in which a laser medium is optically pumped using electromagnetic radiation produced by one of the disclosed plasmonic up-converter apparatuses, and methods of up-converting electromagnetic radiation.

Silicon-germanium, quantum-well, light-emitting diode

A silicon-germanium, quantum-well, light-emitting diode (120). The light-emitting diode (120) includes a p-doped portion (410), a quantum-well portion (420), and an p-doped portion (430). The quantum-well portion (420) is disposed between the p-doped portion (410) and the n-doped portion (430). The quantum- well portion (420) includes a carrier confinement region that is configured to facilitate luminescence with emission of light (344) produced by direct recombination (340) of an electron (314) with a hole (324) confined within the carrier confinement region. The p-doped portion (410) includes a first alloy of silicon-germanium, and the n-doped portion (430) includes a second alloy of silicon-germanium.

Phase detection of Raman scattered light

An apparatus for phase detection of Raman scattered light emitted from a sample includes a first polarizer positioned along a first optical path containing a first beam and a second polarizer positioned along a second optical path containing a second beam. The first polarizer and second polarizer polarize the first beam and the second beam in one of mutually perpendicular and mutually parallel first and second directions. The apparatus also includes an optical phase modulator positioned along the second optical path to controllably modulate a phase of the second beam, a beam splitter positioned to join the first beam and the second beam together, and a spectrometer to receive the joined first beam and second beam and to measure a phase shift of the first beam and the second beam.

Process poling for material configuration

A method includes fabricating a circuit element and a connection to the circuit element for a photonic integrated circuit. The method includes associating a configurable material with the circuit element and activating the configurable material via a poling rail and the connection to the circuit element during production of the integrated circuit.

Memristor having a nanostructure in the switching material

A memristor includes a first electrode having a first surface, at least one electrically conductive nanostructure provided on the first surface, in which the at least one electrically conductive nanostructure is relatively smaller than a width of the first electrode, a switching material positioned upon said first surface, in which the switching material covers the at least one electrically conductive nanostructure, and a second electrode positioned upon the switching material substantially in line with the at least one electrically conductive nanostructure, in which an active region in the switching material is formed substantially between the at least one electrically conductive nanostructure and the first electrode.

Memristive array with waveguide

A device includes one or more waveguides and a memristive array adjacent to the waveguide(s). The memristive array is programmable to form a pattern that diffracts light and couples diffracted light into or out of the waveguide(s).

Memristors with asymmetric electrodes

Multiple spectral measurement acquisition apparatus and the methods of using same

A system includes an illumination source, a detector and a processor. The detector acquires spectral measurements of a sample under test under at least one varying condition. The processor processes the measurements to generate at least one spectral representation that includes Raman spectra and at least one spectral representation that includes non-Raman spectra.

Nanowire-based photodetectors

Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to nanowire-based photodetectors that can be used to convert information encoded in a channel of electromagnetic radiation into a photocurrent encoding the same information. In one embodiment of the present invention, a photodetector comprises a waveguide configured to transmit one or more channels of electromagnetic radiation. The photodetector includes a first terminal and a second terminal. The first terminal and the second terminal are positioned on opposite sides of the waveguide. The photodetector also includes a number of nanowires. Each nanowire interconnects the first terminal to the second terminal and a portion of each nanowire is embedded in the waveguide.

Optical structures including selectively positioned color centers, photonic chips including same, and methods of fabricating optical structures

Various aspects of the present invention are directed to optical structures including selectively positioned color centers, methods of fabricating such optical structures, and photonic chips that utilize such optical structures. In one aspect of the present invention, an optical structure includes an optical medium having a number of strain-localization regions. A number of color centers are distributed within the optical medium in a generally selected pattern, with at least a portion of the strain-localization regions including one or more of the color centers. In another aspect of the present invention, a method of positioning color centers in an optical medium is disclosed. In the method, a number of strain-localization regions are generated in the optical medium. The optical medium is annealed to promote diffusion of at least a portion of the color centers to the strain-localization regions.

Cylindrical Resonators For Optical Signal Routing

A system for routing optical signals includes a waveguide array and a cylindrical resonator lying across the waveguide array, the cylindrical resonator having independently controllable tangential interfaces with each of the waveguides within the waveguide array. A method of selectively routing an optical signal between waveguides includes selecting a optical signal to route; determining the desired path the optical signal; tuning a first controllable interface between a cylindrical resonator and a source waveguide to extract the optical signal from the source waveguide; and tuning a second independently controllable interface between the cylindrical resonator and a destination waveguide to deposit the optical signal into the destination waveguide.

Signal-amplification device for surface enhanced raman spectroscopy

A signal-amplification device for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The signal-amplification device includes a non-SERS-active (NSA) substrate, a plurality of multi-tiered non-SERS-active nanowire (MNSANW) structures and a plurality of metallic SERS-active nanoparticles. In addition, a MNSANW structure of the plurality of MNSANW structures includes a main arm of a plurality of main arms and a plurality of arms of at least secondary order. The plurality of main arms is disposed on the NSA substrate; and, a secondary arm of the plurality of arms is disposed on the main arm. Moreover, a metallic SERS-active nanoparticle of the plurality of metallic SERS-active nanoparticles is disposed on a surface of the MNSANW structure.

Memcapacitor

Composite material with controllable resonant cells

An apparatus for controlling propagation of incident electromagnetic radiation is described, comprising a composite material having electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation. At least one of a capacitive and inductive property of at least one of the electromagnetically reactive cells is temporally controllable to allow temporal control of an associated effective refractive index encountered by the incident electromagnetic radiation while propagating through the composite material.

Nanowire-based memristor devices

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to memristor devices that provide nonvolatile memristive switching. In one embodiment, a memristor device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a nanowire disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The nanowire is configured with an inner region surrounded by an outer layer. The memristor device may also include a mobile dopant confined to the inner region by repulsive electrostatic forces between the outer layer and the mobile dopant. The resistance of the nanowire is determined by the distribution of the mobile dopant in the inner region.

Memristor Devices Configured to Control Bubble Formation

Various embodiments of the present invention are direct to nanoscale, reconfigurable, two-terminal memristor devices. In one aspect, a device ( 400 ) includes an active region ( 402 ) for controlling the flow of charge carriers between a first electrode ( 104 ) and a second electrode ( 106 ). The active region is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes a storage material. Excess mobile oxygen ions formed within the active region are stored in the storage material by applying a first voltage.

Inertial sensing system with a curved base and a diamagnetic mass

An inertial sensing system includes a diamagnetic mass, a plurality of permanent magnets positioned to form a curved base, wherein the plurality of permanent magnets are configured to provide an inhomogeneous magnetic field upon which the diamagnetic mass becomes levitated above the plurality of permanent magnets within the curved base and wherein the curved base also provides a confinement potential to substantially prevent the diamagnetic mass from exiting an interior of the curved base, and a tracking apparatus for monitoring at least one of a position and an orientation of the diamagnetic mass with respect to the curved structure.

Structure having nanoapertures

A structure includes a film having a plurality of nanoapertures. The nanoapertures are configured to allow the transmission of a predetermined subwavelength of light through the film via the plurality of nanoapertures. The structure also includes a semiconductor layer in connection with the film to facilitate the detection of the predetermined subwavelength of light transmitted through the film.

Transistor and sensors made from molecular materials with electric dipoles

A polarization-dependent device is provided that includes organic materials having electric dipoles. The polarization-dependent device comprises: (a) a source region and a drain region separated by a channel region having a length L, formed on a substrate: (b) a dielectric layer on a least a portion of the channel region; and (c) a molecular layer on the dielectric layer, the molecular layer comprising molecules having a switchable dipolar moiety. Addition of a gate over the molecular layer permits fabrication of a transistor, while omission of the gate, and utilization of suitable molecules that are sensitive to various changes in the environment permits fabrication of a variety of sensors. The molecular transistor and sensors are suitable for high density nanoscale circuits and are less expensive than prior art approaches.

Metal-insulator transition switching devices