TONER

A toner having core-shell structure toner particles that form shell phases including a resin (A) on a core including a binder resin, a colorant, and a wax; the resin (A) being a vinyl resin obtained by copolymerizing a vinyl monomer (X) having an organic polysiloxane structure, and a vinyl monomer (Y) having a polyester part that can assume a crystal structure, the ratio of the vinyl monomer (X) being in a specific range among all the monomers used in the copolymerization; the toner particles including the resin (A) in a specific percentage; and the binding resin including a crystalline resin.

PHOTOELECRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT AND PHOTOELECRIC CONVERSION DEVICE COMPRISING SAID PHOTOELECRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT

The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode 3, a second electrode 7, a photoelectric conversion layer 5 between the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 7, and a reflection layer 6 between one of the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 7 and the photoelectric conversion layer 5. The wavelength at which the reflectance of the reflection layer 6 is maximum in the visible region is within the range of wavelengths in which the optical absorption coefficient of the photoelectric conversion layer 5 is 1/5 or more of the maximum optical absorption coefficient in the visible region.

TONER

A toner having core-shell structure toner particles that form shell phases including a resin (A) on a core including a binder resin, a colorant, and a wax; the resin (A) being a vinyl resin obtained by copolymerizing a vinyl monomer (X) having an organic polysiloxane structure, and a vinyl monomer (Y) having a polyester part that can assume a crystal structure, the ratio of the vinyl monomer (X) being in a specific range among all the monomers used in the copolymerization; the toner particles including the resin (A) in a specific percentage; and the binding resin including a crystalline resin.

TONER

A toner having toner particles, each of which has a core-shell structure wherein a shell phase that contains a resin (B) is formed on a core that contains a binder resin (A), a coloring agent and a wax. The toner is characterized in that: each toner particle contains a specific amount of the resin (B) relative to the core; and when the solubility parameter (the SP value) of the binder resin (A) is represented by SP(A), the SP value of the resin (B) is represented by SP(B), the SP value of a repeating unit that has the smallest SP value among the repeating units constituting the resin (B) is represented by SP(C) and the SP value of the wax is represented by SP(W), SP(A), SP(B), SP(C) and SP(W) satisfy a specific relation.

TONER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING TONER

The present invention provides a toner with excellent low-temperature fixing performance and hot-offset resistance, the toner having a wide fixing temperature range from low to high temperatures, and retaining a high level of heat-resistant storage stability. The toner is characterized in that (1) 65.0(°C)≤T(5)≤90.0(°C) and (2) 4.5≤t(1)/t(5)≤10.0 when t(1) is at least 60 seconds and t(5) is no more than 30 seconds in measurements taken using a capillary rheometer, where T(5) is the temperature (°C) when displacement reaches 2.0 mm 10 seconds after a pressure of 5.0 MPa is first applied, t(1) is the time (s) when a displacement of 2.0 mm is reached when a pressure of 1.0 MPa is applied at 70°C, and t(5) is the time (s) when a displacement of 2.0 mm is reached when a pressure of 5.0 MPa is applied at 70°C.

PHOTOELECRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT AND PHOTOELECRIC CONVERSION DEVICE COMPRISING SAID PHOTOELECRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT

The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion element which comprises a first electrode 3, a second electrode 7, a photoelectric conversion layer 5 that is arranged between the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 7, and a reflective layer 6 that is arranged between the photoelectric conversion layer 5 and either the first electrode 3 or the second electrode 7, wherein the wavelength at which the reflectance of the reflective layer 6 in the visible light region is maximum is within the wavelength range where the light absorption coefficient of the photoelectric conversion layer 5 is 1/5 or more of the maximum value thereof in the visible light region.

TONER

Provided is a toner containing toner particles, each of which includes a binder resin containing a polyester as a main component, a colorant, and a wax, in which the binder resin includes a block polymer in which a segment capable of forming a crystalline structure and a segment incapable of forming a crystalline structure are bonded, the toner has a maximum endothermic peak from the binder resin, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry measurement, with a peak temperature in a specific range and with an endothermic quantity in a specific range, and the wax is an ester wax having a functionality of 3 or more.

TONER

A toner comprising toner particles, said toner particles having a core-shell structure wherein a shell phase containing resin (A) is formed around a core containing a binder resin, a colorant and a wax, characterized in that: in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of resin (A), the peak temperature (TpA) (°C) at the maximum heat-absorption peak in the first temperature rising is 55 to 80°C inclusive; in a measurement of the viscoelasticity of resin (A), the loss modulus at TpA-10(°C) is 1×107 to 1×108Pa inclusive; and, in the measurement of the viscoelasticity of resin (A), the loss moduli at TpA(°C), TpA+10(°C) and TpA+25(°C) satisfy a specific relationship.

TONER

A toner containing toner particles which contain a binder resin that is mainly composed of a polyester, a coloring agent and a wax. The toner is characterized in that: the binder resin contains a block polymer wherein a moiety capable of forming a crystal structure and a moiety not capable of forming a crystal structure are bonded with each other; the peak temperature of the highest endothermic peak assigned to the binder resin as determined by differential scanning calorimetry of the toner is within a specific range; the endothermic amount at the highest endothermic peak is within a specific range; and the wax is a tri- or higher functional ester wax.

TONER

TITANIUM-SAPPHIRE LASER APPARATUS, LASER APPARATUS USED FOR EXPOSURE APPARATUS, AND TITANIUM-SAPPHIRE AMPLIFIER

A titanium-sapphire laser apparatus may include a continuous wave oscillation laser unit, an amplification oscillator, a pulsed laser unit, an error detector, an error controller, and an optical path length corrector. The amplification oscillator may include an optical resonator and a titanium-sapphire crystal that is provided in an optical path in the optical resonator. The error detector may be provided in an optical path of leak light of seed light from the optical resonator, and may detect an optical path length error between an optical path length in the optical resonator and a positive integer multiple of a wavelength of the seed light and output an optical path length error signal. The optical path length corrector may vary the optical path length in the optical resonator on a basis of a signal resulting from adding a correction value to the optical path error signal. 1. A titanium-sapphire laser apparatus , comprising:a continuous wave oscillation laser unit configured to perform continuous wave oscillation in a single longitudinal mode to output seed light;an amplification oscillator where the seed light enters, and including an optical resonator and a titanium-sapphire crystal, the titanium-sapphire crystal being provided in an optical path in the optical resonator;a pulsed laser unit configured to output pulsed laser light toward the titanium-sapphire crystal;an error detector provided in an optical path of leak light of the seed light from the optical resonator, and configured to detect an optical path length error between an optical path length in the optical resonator and a positive integer multiple of a wavelength of the seed light and output an optical path length error signal;an error controller configured to output a correction value of the optical path length error signal; andan optical path length corrector configured to vary the optical path length in the optical resonator on a basis of a signal, the signal resulting from adding the correction ...

TONER

In differential scanning calorimetry of a toner, regarding a binder resin in the toner, (i) the peak temperature T of a maximum endothermic peak (temperature raising rate 10.0° C./min; P) is 50° C. to 80° C. and the half-width W is 2.0° C. to 3.5° C. and (ii) W, W, and W satisfy that W/W is 0.20 to 1.00 and W/W is 1.00 to 1.50, where the half-width of a maximum endothermic peak (temperature raising rate of 1.0° C./min; P) is represented by W (° C.) and the half-width of a maximum endothermic peak (temperature raising rate of 20.0° C./min; P) is represented by W (° C.). 210. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the endothermic amount per gram of the binder resin determined from the maximum endothermic peak (P) is 30 J/g or more claim 1 , and 80 J/g or less.3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurement of tetrahydrofuran (THF)-soluble matter of the toner claim 1 , the number average molecular weight (Mn) is 8 claim 1 ,000 or more claim 1 , and 30 claim 1 ,000 or less and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is 15 claim 1 ,000 or more claim 1 , and 60 claim 1 ,000 or less.4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the resin (a) is a block polymer ofa resin component (a1) capable of forming on a crystalline structure anda resin component (a2) not forming on a crystalline structure are bonded.5. The toner according to claim 4 , wherein the resin (a) comprises 50 percent by mass or more of resin component (a1) capable of forming on a crystalline structure.6. The toner according to claim 4 , wherein the block polymer is a block polymer claim 4 , in which the resin component (a1) and the resin component (a2) are bonded by an urethane bond. 1. Field of the InventionThe present invention relates to a toner used for electrophotography, an electrostatic recording method, and a toner jet system recording method.2. Description of the Related ArtIn recent years, regarding an electrophotographic apparatus, it is ...

AMMONIA GAS SENSOR

An ammonia gas sensor (A) having an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte member (A); a detection electrode (A) and a reference electrode (A) which are disposed on the solid electrolyte member; and an intermediate layer (A) interposing between the detection electrode and the solid electrolyte member; wherein the intermediate layer contains the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte component in an amount of 50 wt % or more, and a first metal oxide which is an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Ce, and the detection electrode contains Au in an amount of 70 wt % or higher and no first metal oxide. 1. An ammonia gas sensor comprising:an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte member;a detection electrode and a reference electrode which are disposed on the solid electrolyte member; andan intermediate layer interposing between the detection electrode and the solid electrolyte member;wherein the intermediate layer contains the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte component in an amount of 50 wt % or more, and a first metal oxide which is an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Ce, andthe detection electrode contains Au in an amount of 70 wt % or higher and no first metal oxide.2. An ammonia gas sensor according to as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reference electrode is directly disposed on the solid electrolyte member.3. An ammonia gas sensor as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer contains the first metal oxide in an amount of 1 to 50 wt %.4. An ammonia gas sensor as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the intermediate layer comprises the solid electrolyte component deposited on the first metal oxide.5. An ammonia gas sensor as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the detection electrode is a porous electrode containing a second metal oxide which is an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Zr claim 1 , Y claim 1 , Al claim 1 , and Si.6. ...

TONER

Provided is a toner comprising a toner particle having a core-shell structure in which a shell phase containing a resin A is formed on a core that contains a binder resin, a colorant and a wax, wherein the resin A is a vinyl resin prepared by copolymerizing a vinyl monomer X that has an organopolysiloxane structure and a vinyl monomer Y that has a polyester segment capable of forming a crystalline structure; the content of the vinyl monomer X in a total monomer used for the copolymerization is in a particular range; the toner particle contains resin A in a particular proportion; and the binder resin contains a crystalline resin. 1. A toner comprising toner particleswherein:each of the toner particles has a core-shell structure composed of a core and a shell phase formed on the core, the shell phase contains a resin A, the core contains a binder resin, a colorant and a wax, whereinthe resin A is a vinyl resin prepared by copolymerizing a vinyl monomer X that has an organopolysiloxane structure and a vinyl monomer Y that has a polyester segment capable of forming a crystalline structure;the content ratio of the vinyl monomer X to the total monomer used for the copolymerization is from not less than 4.0 mass % to not more than 35.0 mass %;each of the toner particles contains the resin A from not less than 2.0 mass % to not more than 33.0 mass %; andthe binder resin contains a crystalline resin.3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the resin A is a vinyl resin prepared by copolymerizing the vinyl monomer X claim 1 , the vinyl monomer Y claim 1 , styrene and methacrylic acid.4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin is a block polymer in which a crystalline resin component is chemically bonded to an amorphous resin component.5. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the content ratio of the vinyl monomer X to the total monomer used for the copolymerization is from not less than 5.0 mass % to not more than 20.0 mass %.6. The toner according to ...

TONER

Provided is a toner comprising toner particles, wherein each of the toner particles has a core-shell structure composed of a core and a shell phase formed on the core, the shell phase contains a resin (B), and the core contains a binder resin (A), a colorant and a wax, wherein the toner particles contain the resin (B) in a specific amount with respect to the core, and wherein the solubility parameter (SP value) of the binder resin (A) is denoted by SP(A), the SP value of the resin (B) is denoted by SP(B), the SP value of a repeating unit with the smallest SP value from among repeating units constituting the resin (B) is denoted by SP(C), and the SP value of the wax is denoted by SP(W), each of the SP(A), SP(B), SP(C) and SP(W) satisfy specific relationships. 1. A toner comprising toner particles whereineach of the toner particles has a core-shell structure composed of a core and a shell phase formed on the core, the shell phase contains a resin (B), and the core contains a binder resin (A), a colorant and a wax, whereinthe toner particles contain the resin (B) in an amount equal to or greater than 3.0 parts by weight and equal to or less than 15.0 parts by weight per 100.0 parts by weight of the core, and{'sup': 3', '1/2', '3', '1/2', '3', '1/2', '3', '1/2, 'where a solubility parameter (SP value) of the binder resin (A) is denoted by SP(A) [(cal/cm)], an SP value of the resin (B) is denoted by SP(B) [(cal/cm)], an SP value of a repeating unit with the smallest SP value from among repeating units constituting the resin (B) is denoted by SP(C) [(cal/cm)], and an SP value of the wax is denoted by SP(W) [(cal/cm)],'}{'sup': 3', '1/2', '3', '1/2, 'SP(A) is equal to or greater than 9.00 (cal/cm)and equal to or less than 12.00 (cal/cm),'}{'sup': 3', '1/2', '3', '1/2, 'SP(W) is equal to or greater than 7.50 (cal/cm)and equal to or less than 9.50 (cal/cm), and'} [{'br': None, 'i': A', 'B, '0.00<{SP()−SP()}≦2.00\u2003\u2003(1)'}, {'br': None, 'i': W', 'C, '0.00<{SP()−SP()}≦2 ...

TONER

Provided is a toner containing toner particles, each of which includes a binder resin containing a polyester as a main component, a colorant, and a wax, in which the binder resin includes a block polymer in which a segment capable of forming a crystalline structure and a segment incapable of forming a crystalline structure are bonded, the toner has a maximum endothermic peak from the binder resin, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry measurement, with a peak temperature in a specific range and with an endothermic quantity in a specific range, and the wax is an ester wax having a functionality of 3 or more. 2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a peak temperature of a maximum endothermic peak of the wax is 65° C. or more in measurement of the wax with a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) claim 1 , and the wax has a saponification value of 160 mgKOH/g or more.3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the wax has a molecular weight of at least 1 claim 1 ,500 and not more than 2 claim 1 ,200.4. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the wax is an ester wax having a functionality of 6 or more.5. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the wax is an ester wax obtained by ester bonding dipentaerythritol with a long-chain linear saturated fatty acid.6. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein a content of the wax with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin is at least 2.0 parts by mass and not more than 8.0 parts by mass.7. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the segment capable of forming a crystalline structure in the block polymer is a crystalline polyester obtained by reacting an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with an aliphatic diol.8. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the segment incapable of forming a crystalline structure in the block polymer is a polyurethane obtained by reacting a diol with a diisocyanate.9. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the block polymer contains claims 1 , based on the total amount ...

TONER

Provided is a toner having an excellent low-temperature fixability and hot offset resistance, a broad fixing temperature latitude in low-temperature areas to high-temperature areas, and a high heat-resistant storage stability. The toner includes toner particles having a core-shell structure in which a shell phase containing a resin A is formed on a core containing a binder resin, a colorant and a wax. In measurement of resin A by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the peak temperature TpA (° C.) of a maximum endothermic peak in the first temperature rise is at least 55° C. but not more than 80° C. In measurement of a viscoelasticity of resin A, the loss elastic modulus at TpA−10 (° C.) is at least 1×10Pa but not more than 1×10Pa. In measurement of the viscoelasticity of resin A, the loss elastic moduli at TpA (° C.), TpA+10 (° C.) and TpA+25 (° C.) satisfy specific conditions. 2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the resin A is obtained by copolymerizing a vinyl monomer-a which contains a segment capable of forming a crystalline structure in the molecular structure thereof claim 1 , anda vinyl monomer-b which is free from a segment capable of forming a crystalline structure in the molecular structure thereof.3. The toner according to claim 2 , wherein the resin A is obtained by copolymerizing at least 20.0 mass % but not more than 50.0 mass % of the vinyl monomer-a and at least 50.0 mass % but not more than 80.0 mass % of the vinyl monomer-b claim 2 , based on the total amount of polymerizable monomers which form the resin A.4. The toner according to claim 2 , wherein the vinyl monomer-b comprises a vinyl monomer having in a homopolymer thereof a glass transition temperature of at least 105° C. claim 2 , the vinyl monomer having in homopolymer thereof a glass transition temperature of at least 105° C. being comprised in a proportion of at least 1.0 mass % but not more than 15.0 mass % based on the total amount of monomer used in copolymerizing resin A ...

Method of producing toner

The present invention provides a toner excellent in low-temperature fixability and also excellent in heat-resistant storage property, offset resistance, and durability. In a process for producing a toner containing toner particles by emulsion aggregation, each toner particle includes a binder resin of which a main component is a block polymer having a crystal structure, a colorant, and a release agent; the binder resin includes polyester as a main component; the rate of a portion capable of forming a crystal structure to the binder resin is 50 to 80 mass %; a peak temperature Tp of a maximum endothermic peak attributed to the binder resin is 50 to 80° C. in endothermic amount measurement of the toner with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC); and fused particles are heated at a heating temperature t (° C.) satisfying Tp′−15.0≦t≦Tp′−5.0 for at least 0.5 hr.

TONER AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING TONER

Provided is a toner that is excellent in terms of low-temperature fixability and hot offset resistance, has a wide fixing temperature range from a low-temperature region to a high-temperature region, and has high thermal storability. 1. A toner comprising toner particles , each of which contains a binder resin and a colorant ,{'sup': '2', 'wherein, in a rheological property measurement of the toner with a constant load extrusion-type capillary rheometer provided with a piston for applying a pressure to a sample and a die having a die orifice through which the sample is extruded, wherein the piston has a pressure-application surface area of 1.0 cmand the die orifice has a diameter of 1.0 mm,'}when a pressure of 5.0 MPa is applied to the sample with the piston, a temperature at which a displacement of the piston reaches 2.0 mm after 10 seconds from initiation of an application of the pressure is defined as T(5) [° C.];when a pressure of 1.0 MPa is applied to the sample with the piston under heating at 70° C., a time over which a displacement of the piston reaches 2.0 mm from initiation of the pressure application is defined as t(1) [s]; andwhen a pressure of 5.0 MPa is applied to the sample with the piston under heating at 70° C., a time over which a displacement of the piston reaches 2.0 mm from initiation of the pressure application is defined as t(5) [s],T(5) is 65.0° C. or more and 90.0° C. or less,t(1) is 60.0 seconds or more,t(5) is 30.0 seconds or less, andt(1)/t(5) is 4.5 or more and 10.0 or less.2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in a measurement of the toner with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) claim 1 , a peak temperature Tp (° C.) of a maximum endothermic peak is 55.0° C. or more and 75.0° C. or less.3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the toner particles have a core-shell structure in which a shell phase containing a resin B is formed on a surface of a core containing a binder resin A claim 1 , a colorant claim 1 , and ...

INFORMATION STORAGE MEDIUM, GAME DEVICE, AND SERVER

Input information that selects one card among five cards that are arranged in one direction in a predetermined area of a game screen is received, and a player character is caused to make a motion corresponding to the selected card. When three cards to which an identical attribute is assigned are adjacently disposed in the predetermined area, the three cards are replaced with one card to which the same attribute as that of the three cards is assigned, but which differs in type from the three cards, the card positioned in the rightward direction relative to the replaced cards is shifted in the leftward direction, and an additional two cards are disposed in the space formed by shifting the card. 1. A computer-readable information storage medium storing a program that determines an input performed on a player character corresponding to a selection image selected from N (N is an integer equal to or larger than 3) selection images arranged in a predetermined area of a game screen , and implements a game process , the program causing a computer to function as:a game processing section that performs a game process corresponding to the selected selection image; anda selection image control section that deletes the selected selection image from the predetermined area, and disposes an additional selection image in the predetermined area in place of the deleted selection image,the selection image control section replacing M (M is an integer equal to or larger than 2 and equal to or smaller than N) selection images to which an identical attribute is assigned and which are adjacently disposed in the predetermined area with one selection image that differs from the M selection images, and disposing an additional M−1 selection images in the predetermined area.2. The information storage medium as defined in claim 1 ,wherein the selection image control section shifts the selection image positioned in a predetermined direction relative to the deleted selection image in a direction ...

Method of producing toner

A method of producing a toner includes preparing a resin solution containing a binder resin, a colorant and an organic solvent; forming a droplet, a surface of the droplet being covered with a resin fine particle L1; introducing a resin fine particle L2; pressuring by introducing carbon dioxide, and extracting the organic solvent in the droplet; and obtaining the toner particle by removing the carbon dioxide together with the extracted organic solvent, wherein the SP value of the resin R1 constituting the resin fine particle L1 and the SP value of the resin R2 constituting the resin fine particle L2 are each within a specific range.

TONER

Provided is a toner including toner particle, the toner particle having a core-shell structure having: a core containing a core resin, a colorant, and a wax; and a shell layer containing a resin “A” on a surface of the core, in which: the resin “A” contains a segment having an organopolysiloxane structure; the toner particle has an amount of Si derived from the organopolysiloxane structure of 6.0 or more and 10.0 or less, the amount of Si being measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; the resin “A” is a polymer of a monomer composition containing a monomer “a” having two or more polymerizable unsaturated groups in one molecule thereof; and the monomer “a” satisfies the following formula (1). 2. A toner according to claim 1 , wherein the Xa is 2.0 or more and 4.0 or less.3. A toner according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the resin “A” in the toner particle is 1.0 mass % or more and 10.0 mass % or less.5. A toner according to claim 4 , wherein the Xb is 2.0 or more and 4.0 or less.9. A toner according to claim 8 , wherein the Ea/Sa in the resin “A” and the Eb/Sb in the resin satisfy the following formula (7).{'br': None, 'i': 'Ea/Sa Подробнее

TONER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

A toner includes toner particles which contain a binder resin, a colorant, a wax, and a resin A having an organic polysiloxane structure; the amount of Si atoms of the toner particles is 4.5 to 10.0; in an analysis of a cross-section of each toner particle, in a surface layer region R from the periphery of the cross-section of the toner particle to the inside at a distance of 10.0% of the particle diameter in the cross-section of the toner particle, the content of Si atoms derived from the organic polysiloxane structure is 90.0% or more with respect to the total amount of Si atoms contained in the toner particle; and in a line analysis along a straight line between the periphery of the surface layer region R and a gravity center of the cross-section, an intensity count of Si atoms in the toner particle satisfies formula Si>Si>Si>Si≧0. 1. A toner comprising:toner particles which contain a binder resin, a colorant, a wax, and a resin A having an organic polysiloxane structure,wherein the amount (atomic %) of Si atoms of the toner particles measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is 4.5 to 10.0,in an analysis using an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) performed on a cross-section of each toner particle observed by a transmission electron microscope,in a surface layer region R from the periphery of the cross-section of the toner particle to the inside at a distance of 10.0% of the particle diameter in the cross-section of the toner particle, the content of Si atoms derived from the organic polysiloxane structure is 90.0% or more with respect to the total amount of Si atoms contained in the toner particle, andin a line analysis along a straight line between the periphery of the surface layer region R and a gravity center of the cross-section, {'br': None, 'sup': 0', '1', '2', '3, 'Si>Si>Si>Si≧0\u2003\u2003(1)'}, 'an intensity count of Si atoms in the toner particle satisfies the following formula (1)'}wherein in the formula (1),{'sup': 0', '0, ' ...

Toner

A toner comprising a resin that contains an amorphous segment and a crystalline segment as a binder resin, wherein a proportion of a tetrahydrofuran-insoluble matter of a resin component is from 40% by mass to 80% by mass; in differential scanning calorimeter measurement of the tetrahydrofuran-insoluble matter, where a temperature of a maximum endothermic peak is denoted by Tm [° C.] and an endothermic quantity is denoted by H(I) [J/g], the following formulas (1) and (2) are satisfied: 55.0≤ Tm ≤80.0  (1) 10.0≤ H ( I )≤80.0  (2).

TONER

A toner comprising a toner particle including a binder resin, wherein in a temperature T (° C.)-storage elastic modulus G′ (Pa) curve obtained by measuring the toner with a rheometer, a storage elastic modulus G′ (80° C.) at 80° C. is from 2.0×10Pa to 2.0×10Pa; and a local minimum value of a change amount (dG′/dT) of a storage elastic modulus G′ in a range of 60° C. to 80° C. with respect to a temperature T is −1.0×10or less, and when the temperature of the toner is raised, where a projected area of the toner at 80° C. is S(μm), a radius of the projected area of the toner at 80° C. is R(μm), and a projected area of the toner at 120° C. is S(μm), the S, Rand Ssatisfy a following formula (1): 1. A toner comprising a toner particle including a binder resin , wherein in a temperature T (° C.)-storage elastic modulus G′ (Pa) curve obtained at a temperature rise rate of 2.0° C./min by measuring the toner with a rotating plate rheometer ,{'sup': 3', '5, '(i) a storage elastic modulus G′ (80° C.) at 80° C. is from 2.0×10Pa to 2.0×10Pa; and'}{'sup': '6', '(ii) a local minimum value of a change amount (dG′/dT) of a storage elastic modulus G′ in a range of 60° C. to 80° C. with respect to a temperature T is −1.0×10or less, and'}{'sub': 1', '1', '2, 'sup': 2', '2, 'when the temperature of the toner is raised from 25° C. to 120° C. at a temperature rise rate of 10° C./min, where a projected area of the toner at 80° C. is S(μm), a radius of the projected area of the toner at 80° C. is R(μm), and a projected area of the toner at 120° C. is S(μm),'}{'sub': 1', '1', '2, 'claim-text': {'br': None, 'i': S', '/S', 'R, 'sub': 2', '1', '1, '×1/≤0.22.\u2003\u2003(1)'}, 'the S, Rand Ssatisfy a following formula (1)2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein in the temperature T (° C.)-storage elastic modulus G′ (Pa) curve claim 1 ,{'sup': 3', '4, 'a storage elastic modulus G′ (120° C.) at 120° C. is from 2.0×10Pa to 2.0×10Pa.'}3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein when the toner is ...

METHOD OF PRODUCING TONER AND METHOD OF PRODUCING RESIN PARTICLE

A method of producing a toner containing a toner particle, including the steps of: a) preparing a resin solution by mixing a resin A and an organic solvent, b) mixing the resin solution, a resin fine particle containing a resin B, and a dispersion medium to form a droplet of the resin solution whose surface has been covered with the resin fine particle, and c) removing the organic solvent in the droplet, in which the resin B is a polymer of a monomer composition containing a monomer X having polymerizable unsaturated groups at the both ends; the monomer X has a peak molecular weight of 5,000 to 50,000; the content of the monomer X is 0.10% to 3.00% by mol; and the following formula (1) is satisfied, 1. A method of producing a toner comprising a toner particle , the method comprising the steps of:a) preparing a resin solution by mixing a resin A and an organic solvent,b) mixing the resin solution, a resin fine particle containing a resin B, and a dispersion medium to form a droplet of the resin solution whose surface has been covered with the resin fine particle, andc) removing the organic solvent in the droplet, wherein:the resin B is a polymer of a monomer composition comprising a monomer X having polymerizable unsaturated groups at the both ends;the monomer X has a peak molecular weight of 5,000 or more and 50,000 or less;the content of the monomer X is 0.10% by mol or more and 3.00% by mol or less based on a total amount of monomers of the monomer composition, and {'br': None, 'sub': X', 'A, '|SP−SP|≦2.0\u2003\u2003(1)'}, 'the resin A and the monomer X satisfy the following formula (1),'}where{'sub': 'A', 'SPrepresents a solubility parameter of the resin A, and'}{'sub': 'X', 'SPrepresents a solubility parameter of the monomer X.'}2. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the monomer X has a polyester structure.3. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the resin B is a polymer of a monomer composition comprising ...

TONER

Provided is a toner containing toner particles, each of which includes a binder resin containing a polyester as a main component, a colorant, and a wax, in which the binder resin includes a block polymer in which a segment capable of forming a crystalline structure and a segment incapable of forming a crystalline structure are bonded, the toner has a maximum endothermic peak from the binder resin, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry measurement, with a peak temperature in a specific range and with an endothermic quantity in a specific range, and the wax is an ester wax having a functionality of 3 or more. 2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a peak temperature of a maximum endothermic peak of the wax is 65° C. or more in measurement of the wax with a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) claim 1 , and the wax has a saponification value of 160 mgKOH/g or more.3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the wax has a molecular weight of at least 1 claim 1 ,500 and not more than 2 claim 1 ,200.4. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the wax is an ester wax having a functionality of 6 or more.5. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the wax is an ester wax obtained by ester bonding dipentaerythritol with a long-chain linear saturated fatty acid.6. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein a content of the wax with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin is at least 2.0 parts by mass and not more than 8.0 parts by mass.7. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the segment capable of forming a crystalline structure in the block polymer is a crystalline polyester obtained by reacting an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with an aliphatic diol.8. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the segment incapable of forming a crystalline structure in the block polymer is a polyurethane obtained by reacting a diol with a diisocyanate.9. The toner according to claims 1 , wherein the block polymer contains claims 1 , based on the total amount ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

In an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wrinkles have a convex portion in which a linear shape portion having a length of 50 μm or longer exists, the linear shape portion is parallel to any one of L to L and L to L and each of L to L intersects with the convex portion at a plurality of places, and at least two of the places have different intersection angles; and when height information of the wrinkles is subjected to a frequency analysis, and a two-dimensional power spectrum is obtained, a one-dimensional radial distribution function has at least one local maximum value, and when an angular distribution is calculated from the spectrum at a frequency of the local maximum value, the power values have a particular relationship. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:a support;a photosensitive layer; andan outer surface having wrinkles,wherein{'b': 1', '2', '1800, 'claim-text': a linear shape portion exists in a convex portion of the wrinkle,', {'b': 1', '150', '1651', '1800, 'the wrinkles have a convex portion in which a linear shape portion having a length of 50 μm or longer exists, the linear shape portion being parallel to any one of the reference lines L to L and the reference lines L to L,'}, {'b': 1', '1800, 'each of the reference lines L to L intersects with the convex portion at a plurality of places, and at least two places selected from the plurality of places have intersection angles different from each other; and'}], 'when, on the outer surface, 76 square observation regions each having a side of 300 μm and a center point, are placed so that each of the center point is respectively on each of 76 points which are intersection between 19 line segments that divide the electrophotographic photosensitive member into 20 equal parts in an axial direction and 4 line segments that divide the electrophotographic photosensitive member into 4 equal parts in a circumferential direction, and so that a direction of each of the 76 square ...

PROCESS CARTRIDGE

A process cartridge including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a drum shape; a developing unit for developing an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner; and a cleaning blade for removing the toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the cleaning blade being in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises wrinkles on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and wherein the toner has a fluidity torque E of 320 mJ or more. 1. A process cartridge comprising:an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a drum shape;a developing unit for developing an electrostatic latent image on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner; anda cleaning blade for removing the toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the cleaning blade being in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member,wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises wrinkles on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, andwherein the toner has a fluidity torque E of 320 mJ or more.2. The process cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein when a square observation region 50.0 μm on a side is placed at a randomly-selected position on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member claim 1 , and an angle formed by a tangential line of each of ridge lines of convex portions forming the wrinkles and a line parallel to a peripheral direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is represented by θ claim 1 , the observation region includes one or more ridge line portions of the wrinkles in each of which the θ falls within a range between 45° and 135°.3. The process cartridge according to claim 2 , wherein when observation points are placed on the ridge lines of the convex portions ...

RESIN PARTICLE AND METHOD OF PRODUCING THE RESIN PARTICLE, AND TONER AND METHOD OF PRODUCING THE TONER

Provided is a toner, comprising a toner particle having a core-shell structure composed of a core particle and a shell phase on a surface of the core particle, the core particle containing a resin X and a colorant, the shell phase being derived from a resin fine particle containing a resin Y, in which a relationship among a SP value of the resin X, a SP value of the resin Y, and a SP value of an organic solvent falls within a specific range, and a relationship between a number-average particle diameter of the resin fine particle when the resin fine particle is dispersed in water and a number-average particle diameter of the resin fine particle when the resin fine particle is dispersed in the organic solvent falls within a specific range. 2. A toner according to claim 1 , wherein the shell phase is formed through a step of bringing the core particle and the resin fine particle into contact with each other in presence of the organic solvent.3. A toner according to claim 1 , wherein the resin Y is a resin having a crosslinked structure.4. A toner according to claim 1 , wherein the resin X comprises a polyester as a main component and the resin Y comprises a polyester.5. A toner according to claim 1 , wherein the SPsatisfies the following formula (7).{'br': None, 'i': 'SP', 'sub': 'SOL', '18.0≦≦23.0\u2003\u2003(7)'}6. A toner according to claim 1 , wherein the SPis 24.0 (J/cm)or less.7. A toner according to claim 1 , wherein the resin Y is a polymer of a monomer composition comprising a polyester having a polymerizable unsaturated group.8. A toner according to claim 7 , wherein an average number of polymerizable unsaturated groups in one molecule of the polyester having a polymerizable unsaturated group is 1.0 or more and 3.0 or less.9. A toner according to claim 7 , wherein the monomer composition further comprises a monomer having two or more polymerizable unsaturated groups claim 7 , the monomer having a weight-average molecular weight of 200 or more and 2 claim 7 , ...

Resin fine particle, method of producing resin particle including using the resin fine particle, and method of producing toner

Provided is a method of producing a toner including the steps of: mixing a resin solution comprising a resin R, a colorant, and an organic solvent, a resin fine particle comprising a resin S containing an element α, and carbon dioxide to form a droplet having a surface covered with the resin fine particle; introducing carbon dioxide in a liquid state and pressurizing to extract the organic solvent in the droplet; and removing the extracted organic solvent together with the carbon dioxide to provide a toner particle. In the method of producing a toner, when the resin fine particle is treated with the carbon dioxide in a liquid state, a change in amount of the element α on the surface of the resin fine particle after the treatment as compared to the amount before the treatment falls within a specific range.

OXYGEN-PERMEABLE FILM

An oxygen-permeable film through which oxygen permeates from a high oxygen partial pressure side of the film to a low oxygen partial pressure side of the film by means of an oxygen partial pressure difference serving as a driving force, the oxygen-permeable film being characterized by including a mixture of stabilized zirconia serving as an oxygen ion conductor, and an electron conductor represented by a compositional formula of LaMCrO(wherein M is an element selected from among alkaline earth metals other than magnesium (Mg), and x satisfies a relation of 0≦x≦0.3). 1. An oxygen-permeable film through which oxygen permeates from a high oxygen partial pressure side of the film to a low oxygen partial pressure side of the film by means of an oxygen partial pressure difference serving as a driving force , the oxygen-permeable film being characterized by comprising a mixture of:stabilized zirconia serving as an oxygen ion conductor; and{'sub': 1-x', 'x', '3-z, 'an electron conductor represented by a compositional formula of LaMCrO(wherein M is an element selected from among alkaline earth metals other than magnesium (Mg), and x satisfies a relation of 0≦x≦0.3).'}2. An oxygen-permeable film according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the compositional formula claim 1 , M is calcium (Ca) or strontium (Sr) claim 1 , and x satisfies a relation of 0.15≦x≦0.25.3. An oxygen-permeable film according to claim 2 , wherein x is 0.2.4. An oxygen-permeable film according to claim 2 , wherein claim 2 , in the compositional formula claim 2 , M is calcium (Ca).5. An oxygen-permeable film according to claim 1 , which generates substantially no heterogeneous phase after having been exposed to an atmosphere of 10% hydrogen and 90% nitrogen at 1 claim 1 ,000° C. for 24 hours.6. An oxygen-permeable film according to claim 1 , which has a relative density of 80% or more.7. An oxygen-permeable film according to claim 6 , which has a relative density of 90% or more.8. An oxygen-permeable film ...

MAGNETIC TONER

A magnetic toner comprising a magnetic toner particle including a binder resin, a magnetic body and a crystalline polyester, wherein in cross-sectional observation of the magnetic toner particle using a transmission electron microscope, a variation coefficient CV3 of an occupied area ratio of the magnetic body when a cross section of the magnetic toner particle is divided by a square grid having a side of 0.8 μm is from 40.0% to 80.0%, and assuming that a storage elastic modulus at 40° C. is taken as E′(40) [Pa] and a storage elastic modulus at 85° C. is taken as E′(85) [Pa], the storage elastic moduli being obtained in a powder dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of the magnetic toner, the following formulas (1) and (2) are satisfied. 1. A magnetic toner comprising a magnetic toner particle comprising a binder resin , a magnetic body and a crystalline polyester , whereinin cross-sectional observation of the magnetic toner particle using a transmission electron microscope,a variation coefficient CV3 of an occupied area ratio of the magnetic body when a cross section of the magnetic toner particle is divided by a square grid having a side of 0.8 μm is 40.0 to 80.0%, and [{'br': None, 'i': 'E', 'sup': '9', '′(85)≤2.0×10\u2003\u2003(1)'}, {'br': None, 'i': E', 'E', 'E, '[′(40)−′(85)]×100/′(40)≥70\u2003\u2003(2)'}], 'assuming that a storage elastic modulus at 40° C. is defined as E′(40) [Pa] and a storage elastic modulus at 85° C. is defined as E′(85) [Pa], the storage elastic moduli being obtained in a powder dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of the magnetic toner, the following formulas (1) and (2) are satisfied.'}2. The magnetic toner according to claim 1 , whereinthe magnetic toner particle further comprises wax, and [{'br': None, 'i': Tm', 'Tm, '5.05≤(2)−(1)≤35.0\u2003\u2003(3)'}, {'br': None, 'i': 'Tm', '55.0≤(2)≤100.0\u2003\u2003(4)'}, {'br': None, 'i': 'H', '(1)≥10.0\u2003\u2003(5)'}], 'assuming that the peak temperature of the maximum endothermic peak at the ...

RESIN FINE PARTICLES, METHOD OF PRODUCING RESIN FINE PARTICLES, METHOD OF PRODUCING RESIN PARTICLES, AND METHOD OF PRODUCING TONER

A method of producing a toner including the steps of: mixing resin fine particles, an organic solvent, and a resin R with a dispersion medium containing carbon dioxide, to prepare a dispersion of resin R-containing droplets; and removing the organic solvent by flowing carbon dioxide, wherein the resin fine particles contain one or more resins that have a partial structure A, B, and C, and are soluble in chloroform; the SP value of the partial structure A, the resin R, and the partial structure B satisfy particular relationships; a resin A constituted of the partial structure A and a resin B constituted of the partial structure B are soluble in the organic solvent; and a resin C constituted of the partial structure C is insoluble in the organic solvent. 2. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the content of the partial structure A in the resin fine particle is at least 10.0 mass % and not more than 40.0 mass % with respect to the total resin constituting the resin fine particle.3. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the chain length Lof the partial structure B is at least 18 claim 1 ,000 pm and not more than 120 claim 1 ,000 pm claim 1 , and{'sub': A', 'B', 'A', 'B, 'the ratio (L/L) between the chain length Lof the partial structure A and the chain length Lis at least 1.6 and not more than 4.5.'}5. The method of producing a toner according to claim 4 , wherein Rand Rare a methyl group in the formula (3) claim 4 ,the resin fine particle contains at least 5.0 mass % and not more than 30.0 mass % of silicon (Si) atom originating with the organopolysiloxane structure.6. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the partial structure C comprises a crystalline resin.7. The method of producing a toner according to claim 6 , wherein the melting point of the crystalline resin is at least 70° C.8. The method of producing a toner according to claim 6 , wherein the crystalline resin comprises a crystalline ...

TONER

A toner is provided, which has a toner particle that contains a binder resin, and organosilicon polymer particle on a surface of the toner particle. A methanol concentration a (vol %) of the organosilicon polymer particle in a wettability test and a methanol concentration b (vol %) of the toner particle in a wettability test satisfy Expression (I) below:

TONER PRODUCTION METHOD

A method for producing a toner that comprises toner particles, each of which comprises a binder resin, which comprises a resin (A) capable of forming a crystalline structure, and a colorant, the method including: a pressure holding step of, after preparing toner particles, holding the toner particles for 5 minutes or more at a pressure of 2.0 MPa or more under conditions of a temperature T1 (° C.) represented by formula (1): 2. The toner production method according to claim 1 , wherein the pressure treatment step is carried out in a medium having carbon dioxide as a main component.3. The toner production method according to claim 2 , wherein the carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide in a supercritical state.4. The toner production method according to claim 1 , wherein the resin (A) is a resin that comprises segments capable of forming a crystalline structure claim 1 , and the content of the segments capable of forming a crystalline structure is 30.0 mass % or more based on the total mass of the binder resin.5. The toner production method according to claim 1 , wherein the resin (A) is a block polymer obtained by chemically linking segments capable of forming a crystalline structure and segments incapable of forming a crystalline structure.6. The toner production method according to claim 4 , wherein the segments capable of forming a crystalline structure are obtained by reacting an aliphatic diol having 2 to 20 carbon atoms with an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 2 to 20 carbon atoms.7. The toner production method according to claim 1 , wherein the untreated toner particles are obtained by going through:(i) a step of obtaining a resin composition by dissolving or dispersing the binder resin comprising the resin (A) and the colorant in an organic solvent able to dissolve the binder resin;(ii) a step of obtaining a dispersion by dispersing the resin composition in a dispersion medium comprising carbon dioxide at from at least 1.0 MPa to not more than 20.0 Mpa; and(iii) ...

External additive, method for manufacturing external additive, and toner

Provided is an external additive having a resin particle containing a crystalline resin, and an inorganic fine particle containing a metal atom, the inorganic fine particle being embedded in the resin particle, wherein part of the inorganic fine particle being exposed on a surface of the resin particle, the maximum endothermic peak temperature of the external additive during a first temperature rise is from 50.0° C. to 120° C., the shape factor SF-2 of the external additive is from 110 to 150, and the external additive satisfies following formulae (1) and (2) below, in which Za (mass%) is the percentage content of a metal atom contained in the inorganic fine particle on the surface of the external additive in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Zb (mass%) is the percentage content of the metal atom in thermogravimetric analysis of the external additive, Za>15  (1), and Za/Zb≥0.7  (2)

External toner additive, method for producing external toner additive, and toner

An external toner additive having a resin fine particle containing a crystalline resin and an inorganic fine particle embedded in the resin fine particle, wherein part of the inorganic fine particle is exposed on the surface of the resin fine particle, and in differential scanning calorimetry of the external toner additive, the maximum endothermic peak temperature T1 (° C.) during a first temperature increase and the maximum exothermic peak temperature T2 (° C.) during a first temperature decrease satisfy the formulae (1) to (3) below, with measurement performed between −40° C. and 150° C. at a rate of increase of 10° C./min during the first temperature increase and between 150° C. and −40° C. at a rate of decrease in temperature of 10° C./min during the first temperature decrease: T 1- T 2≤40.0  (1) 50.0≤ T 1≤120.0  (2) 10.0≤ T 2≤80.0  (3).

TONER

A toner having good low-temperature fixability, charge stability, environmental stability, and durability and capable of stably producing high-quality images for a long time is provided. The toner includes a toner particle having a core-shell structure constituted of a core and a shell phase. The core contains a binder resin, a colorant, and wax, and the shell phase contains a resin A. The resin A is a comb polymer including a main chain portion (X), a side chain portion (Y), and a side chain portion (Z). The main chain portion (X) is a vinyl polymer, the side chain portion (Y) has an aliphatic polyester structure and has an ester group concentration of a polyester segment of 6.5 mmol/g or less, and the side chain portion (Z) has an organic polysiloxane structure and has an average number of Si—O bond repeating units of a siloxane segment of 2 or more and 100 or less. 5. The toner according to claim 4 , wherein the additional vinyl monomer contains a vinyl monomer that contains a carboxyl group and/or a salt thereof.6. The toner according to claim 4 , wherein the additional vinyl monomer contains a vinyl monomer having an aromatic ring.7. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the toner particles contain 3.0 mass % or more and 15.0 mass % or less of the resin A.8. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin contains a crystalline resin as a main component.9. The toner according to claim 8 , wherein the crystalline resin contains a block polymer in which a segment capable of forming a crystalline structure and a segment incapable of forming a crystalline structure are bonded to each other.10. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the toner particles are obtained by the resin composition being prepared by dispersing or dissolving the binder resin, the colorant, and the wax in an organic solvent,', 'the dispersive medium containing carbon dioxide as a main component and dispersed resin fine particles containing the resin A; and, 'dispersing a resin ...

TONER

A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin that comprises a crystalline resin, wherein the toner satisfies the following formulas (1) and (2) in DSC measurement of the toner, 1. A toner comprising a toner particle comprising a binder resin , whereinthe binder resin comprises a crystalline resin A, [{'br': None, 'i': 'Tt≦', '50.0≦80.0\u2003\u2003formula (1)'}, {'br': None, 'i': H', '/ΔH≦, 'sub': 'T′t-3', '0.00≦Δ0.20\u2003\u2003formula (2)'}], 'the toner satisfies the following formulas (1) and (2) in measurement of the toner with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)'}in formulas (1) and (2),{'sub': '1', 'Tt (° C.) represents a peak temperature of an endothermic peak Poriginating from the crystalline resin A during a first temperature ramp up process;'}{'sub': '2', 'ΔH (J/g) represents an endothermic quantity originating from the crystalline resin A from a temperature lower than T′t by 20.0° C. to a temperature higher than T′t by 10.0° C. when T′t (° C.) is a peak temperature of an endothermic peak Poriginating from the crystalline resin A during a second temperature ramp up process; and'}{'sub': 'T′t-3', 'ΔH(J/g) represents an endothermic quantity originating from the crystalline resin A from a temperature lower than T′t by 20.0° C. to a temperature lower than T′t by 3.0° C.'}2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein ΔH and ΔHsatisfy the following formula (3) claim 1 ,{'br': None, 'i': H', '/ΔH≦, 'sub': 'T′t-3', '0.00≦Δ0.15\u2003\u2003formula (3).'}3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein half width of the endothermic peak Pin the DSC measurement of the toner is not more than 3.0° C.4. The toner according to claim 1 , whereinthe toner particle has a core-shell structure that composed of a core and a shell phase on a surface of the core,the core comprises the binder resin, andthe shell phase comprises a resin B;{'sub': 1', '1', '2', '2, 'the resin B comprises a segment boriginating from a crystalline resin Band a segment boriginating from ...

METHOD OF PRODUCING TONER AND METHOD OF PRODUCING RESIN PARTICLE

A method of producing a toner containing a toner particle having a core-shell structure that has a core containing a resin and has a shell phase on a surface of the core, the shell phase being derived from a resin fine particle containing a resin A, and the resin A being a resin containing a segment derived from a crystalline polymer D, the method including steps (i), (ii) and (iii). 2. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersion is maintained in the step (i) at a temperature equal to or greater than Ta+3 (° C.).3. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersion is cooled in the step (iii) to a temperature equal to or less than Ta-3 (° C.).4. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersion medium in step (i) is a dispersion medium containing carbon dioxide.51. The method of producing a toner according to claim 4 , wherein the gauge pressure P within the container in step (i) is at least 1.0 MPa and not more than 8.0 MPa.62212. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , when a gauge pressure in the container in step (ii) is denoted by P (MPa) claim 1 , the P satisfies the relationship P P.7. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the step (i) is a step of:mixing the resin, the resin fine particle, and the organic solvent to prepare a resin solution containing the resin and the resin fine particle,introducing the dispersion medium and the resin solution containing the resin and the resin fine particle into the container, andstirring the interior of the container to prepare a dispersion in which a resin solution droplet having a surface coated with the resin fine particle is dispersed in the dispersion medium.8. The method of producing a toner according to claim 1 , wherein the step (i) is a step of:mixing the resin and the organic solvent to prepare a resin solution containing the resin,introducing the dispersion medium, ...

METHODS FOR PRODUCING TONER PARTICLE AND PRODUCING RESIN PARTICLE

A method for producing a toner particle include: (a) mixing a binder resin A, resin fine particles containing a resin B, a resin C, an organic solvent, and carbon dioxide, thereby forming a droplet of a resin solution containing the binder resin A, covered with the resin fine particles; (b) applying a pressure by introducing carbon dioxide, thereby precipitating the resin C at the surface of the droplet; and (c) passing carbon dioxide so as to remove the organic solvent from the droplet with the carbon dioxide. The resin C has an organic polysiloxane structure and a weight average molecular weight of 50,000 to 500,000. The ratio of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight of the resin C is not more than 5.0. The proportion of the resin C to the rein fine particles is 5.0% by mass to 50.0% by mass. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the resin C is soluble in the organic solvent.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step (a) includes:(a1) mixing a resin solution of the binder resin A in the organic solvent, the resin fine particles, and carbon dioxide, thereby forming the droplet of the resin solution, the droplet being covered with the resin fine particles; and(a2) adding the resin C, thereby forming a suspension droplet including the droplet of the resin solution and the resin C at the surface of the droplet.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the toner particle contains the resin C with a proportion of at least 1.0% by mass and not more than 5.0% by mass relative to the binder resin A.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the resin C has a crystalline segment.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the crystalline segment is a crystalline polyester structure.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the resin C is a polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer composition containing a monomer S having the organic polysiloxane structure represented by the formula (i) and a monomer T having ...

MAGNETIC TONER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING MAGNETIC TONER

Provided is a magnetic toner having a toner particle containing a binder resin and a magnetic body, wherein the binder resin contains a polymer A having a first monomer unit and a second monomer unit, the first polymerizable monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of the (meth)acrylic acid esters having Calkyl groups, a content of the first monomer unit and a content of the second monomer unit based on the total moles of all monomer units in the polymer A are respectively 5.0 to 60.0 mol % and 20.0 to 95.0 mol %, and assuming that an SP value of the first monomer unit and the second monomer unit are taken as SP(J/cm)and SP(J/cm), respectively, 3.00≤(SP−SP)≤25.00 is satisfied, and an oil absorption of the magnetic body is 5 to 40 ml/100 g. 3. The magnetic toner according to claim 1 , wherein the content of the second monomer unit in the polymer A is 40.0 mol % to 95.0 mol % of the total moles of all monomer units in the polymer A.4. The magnetic toner according to claim 2 , wherein the content of the second polymerizable monomer in the composition is 40.0 mol % to 95.0 mol % of the total moles of all polymerizable monomers in the composition.6. The magnetic toner according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer A contains a third monomer unit derived from a third polymerizable monomer that is different from the first polymerizable monomer and second polymerizable monomer claim 1 , and the third monomer unit is a monomer unit derived from at least one polymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene claim 1 , methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate.7. The magnetic toner according to claim 1 , wherein the number-average particle diameter of the magnetic body is 50 nm to 400 nm.8. The magnetic toner according to claim 1 , wherein the BET specific surface area of the magnetic body is 5 m/g to 25 m/g.9. The magnetic toner according to claim 1 , wherein the oil absorption of the magnetic body is 10 ml/100 g to 35 ml/100 g.10. The magnetic ...

TONER AND TONER MANUFACTURING METHOD

A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin, the storage elastic modulus Gt′ (150) of the toner at 150° C. is at least 1.0×10Pa, the binder resin contains a polymer A having a first monomer unit derived from a first polymerizable monomer and a second monomer unit derived from a second polymerizable monomer different from the first polymerizable monomer, the first polymerizable monomer is selected from specific (meth)acrylic acid esters, the contents of the first monomer unit and second monomer unit in the polymer A are within specific ranges, and the SP values of the first monomer unit and second monomer unit are within specific ranges. 1. A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin , wherein{'sup': '4', 'the storage elastic modulus Gt′ (150) of the toner at 150° C. is at least 1.0×10Pa,'}the binder resin contains a polymer A having a first monomer unit derived from a first polymerizable monomer and a second monomer unit derived from a second polymerizable monomer different from the first polymerizable monomer,{'sub': '18-36', 'the first polymerizable monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid esters having a Calkyl group,'}the content of the first monomer unit in the polymer A is 5.0 mol % to 60.0 mol % of the total moles of all monomer units in the polymer A,the content of the second monomer unit in the polymer A is 20.0 mol % to 95.0 mol % of the total moles of all monomer units in the polymer A, and{'sub': 11', '21, 'sup': 3', '0.5', '3', '0.5, 'claim-text': {'br': None, 'i': SP', '−SP, 'sub': 21', '11, '3.00≤()≤25.00\u2003\u2003(1).'}, 'when the SP value of the first monomer unit is SP(J/cm), and the SP value of the second monomer unit is SP(J/cm), the following formula (1) is satisfied2. A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin , wherein{'sup': '4', 'the storage elastic modulus Gt′ (150) of the toner at 150° C. is at least 1.0×10Pa,'}the binder resin contains a ...

Method of producing toner

Provided is a method of producing a toner including the steps of: mixing a resin solution comprising a resin R, a colorant, and an organic solvent, a resin fine particle comprising a resin S containing an element α, and carbon dioxide to form a droplet having a surface covered with the resin fine particle; introducing carbon dioxide in a liquid state and pressurizing to extract the organic solvent in the droplet; and removing the extracted organic solvent together with the carbon dioxide to provide a toner particle. In the method of producing a toner, when the resin fine particle is treated with the carbon dioxide in a liquid state, a change in amount of the element α on the surface of the resin fine particle after the treatment as compared to the amount before the treatment falls within a specific range.

Method of producing toner and method of producing resin particle

A method of producing a toner containing a toner particle, including the steps of: a) preparing a resin solution by mixing a resin A and an organic solvent, b) mixing the resin solution, a resin fine particle containing a resin B, and a dispersion medium to form a droplet of the resin solution whose surface has been covered with the resin fine particle, and c) removing the organic solvent in the droplet, in which the resin B is a polymer of a monomer composition containing a monomer X having polymerizable unsaturated groups at the both ends; the monomer X has a peak molecular weight of 5,000 to 50,000; the content of the monomer X is 0.10% to 3.00% by mol; and the following formula (1) is satisfied, |SP X −SP A |≦2.0  (1) where SP A and SP X represent solubility parameters of the resin A and the monomer X, respectively.

Toner

Provided is a toner comprising a toner particle having a core-shell structure in which a shell phase containing a resin A is formed on a core that contains a binder resin, a colorant and a wax, wherein the resin A is a vinyl resin prepared by copolymerizing a vinyl monomer X that has an organopolysiloxane structure and a vinyl monomer Y that has a polyester segment capable of forming a crystalline structure; the content of the vinyl monomer X in a total monomer used for the copolymerization is in a particular range; the toner particle contains resin A in a particular proportion; and the binder resin contains a crystalline resin.

Resin fine particles, method of producing resin fine particles, method of producing resin particles, and method of producing toner

A method of producing a toner including the steps of: mixing resin fine particles, an organic solvent, and a resin R with a dispersion medium containing carbon dioxide, to prepare a dispersion of resin R-containing droplets; and removing the organic solvent by flowing carbon dioxide, wherein the resin fine particles contain one or more resins that have a partial structure A, B, and C, and are soluble in chloroform; the SP value of the partial structure A, the resin R, and the partial structure B satisfy particular relationships; a resin A constituted of the partial structure A and a resin B constituted of the partial structure B are soluble in the organic solvent; and a resin C constituted of the partial structure C is insoluble in the organic solvent.

Toner and toner manufacturing method

A toner comprising a toner particle containing a binder resin, the storage elastic modulus Gt′ (150) of the toner at 150° C. is at least 1.0×10 4 Pa, the binder resin contains a polymer A having a first monomer unit derived from a first polymerizable monomer and a second monomer unit derived from a second polymerizable monomer different from the first polymerizable monomer, the first polymerizable monomer is selected from specific (meth)acrylic acid esters, the contents of the first monomer unit and second monomer unit in the polymer A are within specific ranges, and the SP values of the first monomer unit and second monomer unit are within specific ranges.

Toner

Toner

【課題】定着性の阻害にならないような薄いシェル相でありながら、コア中の低分子量成分やワックスの染み出しを抑制し、保存安定性に優れたトナーを提供すること。 【解決手段】結着樹脂（Ａ）、着色剤及びワックスを含有するコアに、樹脂（Ｂ）を含有するシェル相を形成したコアシェル構造のトナー粒子を有するトナーであって、トナー粒子が、コアに対して、特定量の樹脂（Ｂ）を含有し、結着樹脂（Ａ）の溶解度パラメータ（ＳＰ値）をＳＰ（Ａ）、樹脂（Ｂ）のＳＰ値をＳＰ（Ｂ）、樹脂（Ｂ）を構成する繰り返しユニットのうち最もＳＰ値の小さい繰り返しユニットのＳＰ値をＳＰ（Ｃ）、ワックスのＳＰ値をＳＰ（Ｗ）としたとき、ＳＰ（Ａ）、ＳＰ（Ｂ）、ＳＰ（Ｃ）及びＳＰ（Ｗ）が特定の関係を満たすことを特徴とするトナー。 【選択図】なし

Toner

A toner comprising a toner particle including a binder resin, wherein in a temperature T (°C) - storage elastic modulus G' (Pa) curve obtained by measuring the toner with a rheometer, a storage elastic modulus G' (80°C) at 80°C is from 2.0 × 10 3 Pa to 2.0 × 10 5 Pa; and a local minimum value of a change amount (dG'/dT) of a storage elastic modulus G' in a range of 60°C to 80°C with respect to a temperature T is -1.0 × 10 6 or less, and when the temperature of the toner is raised, where a projected area of the toner at 80°C is S 1 µm 2 ), a radius of the projected area of the toner at 80°C is R 1 (µm), and a projected area of the toner at 120°C is S 2 (µm 2 ), the S 1 , R 1 and S 2 satisfy a following formula (1): S 2 / S 1 × 1 / R 1 ≤ 0.22.

Toner production method

A method for producing a toner that comprises toner particles, each of which comprises a binder resin, which comprises a resin (A) capable of forming a crystalline structure, and a colorant, the method including: a pressure holding step of, after preparing toner particles, holding the toner particles for 5 minutes or more at a pressure of 2.0 MPa or more under conditions of a temperature T1 (° C.) represented by formula (1): 20≦ T 1≦ Tp 2  (1) (wherein, Tp2 represents the onset temperature of the maximum endothermic peak derived from the resin (A)), wherein a peak temperature Tp1 of the maximum endothermic peak derived from the resin (A) during the first temperature rise of the toner particles as determined by differential scanning calorimetric measurement is 50° C. to 90° C.

Toner

Provided is a toner comprising toner particles, wherein each of the toner particles has a core-shell structure composed of a core and a shell phase formed on the core, the shell phase contains a resin (B), and the core contains a binder resin (A), a colorant and a wax, wherein the toner particles contain the resin (B) in a specific amount with respect to the core, and wherein the solubility parameter (SP value) of the binder resin (A) is denoted by SP(A), the SP value of the resin (B) is denoted by SP(B), the SP value of a repeating unit with the smallest SP value from among repeating units constituting the resin (B) is denoted by SP(C), and the SP value of the wax is denoted by SP(W), each of the SP(A), SP(B), SP(C) and SP(W) satisfy specific relationships.

Toner kit and color-image-forming method

In a toner kit having i) a non-magnetic black toner having at least carbon black and ii) color toners, the black toner has a weight-average particle diameter represented by D4b and a one-point method BET specific surface area represented by Sb, and the color toners, other than the black toner, each have a weight-average particle diameter represented by D4c and a one-point method BET specific surface area represented by Sc, where the black toner and color toners satisfy the following relations (1) and (2): 0.60≦ D 4 c/D 4 b ≦0.96,  Relation (1) 0.750≦ Sc/Sb ≦1.000;  Relation (2) and each have an average circularity of from 0.950 to 1.000 and a circularity standard deviation of less than 0.040 as measured with a flow type particle image analyzer.

Discharge exciting excimer laser device

A discharge exciting excimer laser device comprises a pair of main discharge electrodes, a dielectric and an auxiliary electrode. The dielectric is in a cylindrical form and has a side opposed to one of the main discharge electrodes, which side is formed into a flat plate-like portion. The auxiliary electrode is embraced within the dielectric leaving a space and is opposed to one of the main discharge electrodes with the flat plate-like portion of the dielectric sandwiched therebetween. Such a construction increases laser output and improves insulating performance.

Toner and process for making a toner

Toner, der Tonerteilchen umfasst, von welchen jedes ein Bindemittelharz und einen Farbstoff enthält,wobei die Tonerteilchen eine Kern-Schale-Struktur aufweisen, in welcher eine Schalenphase, die ein Harz B enthält, auf einer Oberfläche eines Kerns gebildet ist, der ein Bindemittelharz A, den Farbstoff und ein Wachs enthält,wobei das Harz B ein Harz mit einem Polyestersegment enthält, das in der Lage ist eine kristalline Struktur zu bilden,das Harz B ein Vinyl-basiertes Harz ist, das durch Copolymerisation eines Vinyl-basierten Monomers b1, das in einer molekularen Struktur das Polyestersegment enthält, das in der Lage ist eine kristalline Struktur zu bilden, und eines weiteren Vinyl-basierten Monomers b2 erhalten ist;wobei der Toner eines oder mehrere der drei folgenden Merkmale (i) bis (iii) aufweist:(i) ein Anteil des Vinyl-basierten Monomers b1 in Bezug auf Mengen aller Monomere, die für die Copolymerisation des Harzes B verwendet werden, 20,0 Masse-% oder mehr und 50 Masse-% oder weniger ist,(ii) das Vinyl-basierte Monomer b2 ein Vinyl-basiertes Monomer x enthält, das Vinyl-basierte Monomer x als ein Homopolymer eine Glasübergangstemperatur von 105°C oder mehr aufweist, und ein Anteil des Vinyl-basierten Monomers x in Bezug auf Mengen aller Monomere, die für die Copolymerisation des Harzes B verwendet werden, 3,0 Masse-% oder mehr und 15,0 Masse-% oder weniger ist, und(iii) das Vinyl-basierte Monomer b2 ein Vinyl-basiertes Monomer y enthält, das Vinyl-basierte Monomer y eine organische Polysiloxanstruktur aufweist, und ein Anteil des Vinyl-basierten Monomers y in Bezug auf Mengen aller Monomere, die für die Copolymerisation des Harzes B verwendet werden, 5,0 Masse-% oder mehr und 20,0 Masse-% oder weniger ist;wobei in einer rheologischen Eigenschaftsmessung des Toners mit einem extrusionsartigen Kapillarrheometer mit konstanter Belastung, das mit einem Kolben zum Anwenden eines Drucks auf eine Probe und einer Düse mit einer Düsenöffnung, durch welche die Probe ...

Magnetic toner

A magnetic toner comprising a magnetic toner particle including a binder resin, a magnetic body and a crystalline polyester, wherein in cross-sectional observation of the magnetic toner particle using a transmission electron microscope, a variation coefficient CV3 of an occupied area ratio of the magnetic body when a cross section of the magnetic toner particle is divided by a square grid having a side of 0.8 μm is from 40.0% to 80.0%, and assuming that a storage elastic modulus at 40° C. is taken as E′(40) [Pa] and a storage elastic modulus at 85° C. is taken as E′(85) [Pa], the storage elastic moduli being obtained in a powder dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of the magnetic toner, the following formulas (1) and (2) are satisfied. E ′(85)≤2.0×10 9   (1) [ E ′(40)− E ′(85)]×100/ E ′(40)≥70  (2)

Toner

A toner is provided, which has a toner particle that contains a binder resin, and organosilicon polymer particle on a surface of the toner particle. A methanol concentration a (vol %) of the organosilicon polymer particle in a wettability test and a methanol concentration b (vol %) of the toner particle in a wettability test satisfy Expression (I) below:|a−b|≤25  (I), andan adhesion index of the organosilicon polymer particle on a polycarbonate film, calculated on the basis of Expression (II) below, is not more than 3.5:Adhesion index=area ratio c of the organosilicon polymer particle having migrated to the polycarbonate film/coverage ratio d of the organosilicon polymer particle on the surface of the toner particle×100  (II).

Photoelectric conversion element, photoelectric conversion module having same, photoelectric conversion device, moving body, and building material

In order to provide a photoelectric conversion element having higher photoelectric conversion efficiency, in a photoelectric conversion element having a first electrode 7, a second electrode 3, and a photoelectric conversion layer 5 containing an organic-inorganic perovskite compound and disposed between the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 3, a particle layer 6 including phthalocyanine compound-based particles is arranged between the photoelectric conversion layer 5 and the first electrode 7.

Photoelecric conversion element and photoelecric conversion device comprising said photoelecric conversion element

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an electroconductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer, wherein the protection layer comprises an electroconductive particle, the electroconductive particle has a surface comprising a metal oxide containing a titanium atom and a niobium atom, an atomic concentration ratio of the niobium atom to the titanium atom in the metal oxide is 0.01 to 0.20, the electroconductive particle is surface-treated with a compound having a silicon atom, a content ratio of the electroconductive particle in the protection layer is 5 vol % or more and less than 40 vol % with respect to a total volume of the protection layer, and relative concentrations of a plurality of atoms at a surface of the protection layer, which are determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, satisfy specific conditions.

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer containing a binder resin and metal oxide particles. An average primary particle diameter of the metal oxide particles measured from a cross-section of the surface layer is 20 to 70 nm. A content ratio of the metal oxide particles in the surface layer measured from the cross-section of the surface layer is 30 to 75 vol % with respect to a total volume of the surface layer.

Method of producing toner

The present invention provides a toner excellent in low-temperature fixability and also excellent in heat-resistant storage property, offset resistance, and durability. In a process for producing a toner containing toner particles by emulsion aggregation, each toner particle includes a binder resin of which a main component is a block polymer having a crystal structure, a colorant, and a release agent; the binder resin includes polyester as a main component; the rate of a portion capable of forming a crystal structure to the binder resin is 50 to 80 mass%; a peak temperature Tp of a maximum endothermic peak attributed to the binder resin is 50 to 80°C in endothermic amount measurement of the toner with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC); and fused particles are heated at a heating temperature t (°C) satisfying Tp'-15.0≤ t ≤ Tp'-5.0 for at least 0.5 hr.

Method of producing toner

The present invention provides a toner excellent in low-temperature fixability and also excellent in heat-resistant storage property, offset resistance, and durability. In a process for producing a toner containing toner particles by emulsion aggregation, each toner particle includes a binder resin of which a main component is a block polymer having a crystal structure, a colorant, and a release agent; the binder resin includes polyester as a main component; the rate of a portion capable of forming a crystal structure to the binder resin is 50 to 80 mass%; a peak temperature Tp of a maximum endothermic peak attributed to the binder resin is 50 to 80°C in endothermic amount measurement of the toner with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC); and fused particles are heated at a heating temperature t (°C) satisfying Tp'-15.0≤ t ≤ Tp'-5.0 for at least 0.5 hr.

改質構造体および改質装置

【課題】炭化水素の直接分解による炭素水素の減少を原因とする部分酸化改質反応の効率の低下を抑制する。【解決手段】改質構造体は、筒状であり、炭化水素と酸素との部分酸化改質反応を利用して、炭化水素を含む燃料ガスから一酸化炭素と水素とを含む改質ガスを生成する。改質構造体は、酸化物イオン伝導性と、電子伝導性または正孔伝導性と、を有する酸素透過層と、酸素透過層に対して改質構造体の内周側に位置する内周側空間と改質構造体の外周側に位置する外周側空間との一方側に配置され、部分酸化改質反応を促進する触媒を含む改質触媒層と、を含んでおり、改質触媒層における改質構造体の軸方向の一方側の第１の端部は、改質構造体における軸方向の一方側の第２の端部より軸方向の他方側に位置している。【選択図】図４

Method of producing toner

トナー

【課題】 定着性能、すなわち低温定着性と耐オフセット性に優れ、また帯電安定性に優れ、転写性やカブリ特性が良好であり、高精細な画像が得られるトナーを提供する。 【解決手段】 少なくとも結着樹脂、着色剤、及び下記一般式で表される化合物を少なくとも一種以上含有し、且つＤＳＣで測定される昇温時のＤＳＣ曲線において、温度５５〜１２０℃の範囲に二つの異なる吸熱ピークＰ１、Ｐ２を有するトナーを提供する。 【化１】 【化２】 （一般式（１）及び（２）中のＲ １ 〜Ｒ １１ は、炭素数１〜６までのアルキル基であり、互いに同じであっても、異なっていても良い。） 【選択図】 なし

Ethylene production apparatus and ethylene production method

An ethylene production apparatus for producing ethylene from a methane-containing gas includes a ceramic membrane having at least one of oxide ion conductivity and proton conductivity; a first catalyst layer that is disposed on a first face of the ceramic membrane and includes a catalyst for accelerating oxidative-coupling-of-methane reaction; a methane supply unit that supplies the methane-containing gas to a space located on the same side as the first face of the ceramic membrane; and a charge transfer unit that transfers an electron from the first face to a second face of the ceramic membrane or transfers a hole from the second face to the first face. The ethylene production apparatus produces ethylene in the first catalyst layer upon supply of the methane-containing gas from the methane supply unit.

トナー

【課題】 結晶性ポリエステルを含有する結着樹脂を用いたトナーにおいて、低温オフセットを防止し、低温定着性と耐熱保存性の両立が可能で、且つ、広い定着温度領域を有するトナーを提供すること。【解決手段】 結晶構造を取り得るポリエステル構造部分を有する樹脂Ａを含有する結着樹脂、着色剤、第１のワックス（４官能以上のエステルワックス）及び第２のワックス（炭化水素系ワックス）を含有するトナー粒子を有するトナーであって、前記結着樹脂、第１のワックス及び第２のワックスの最大吸熱ピーク温度（℃）をそれぞれＴｃ、Ｔｗ１、Ｔｗ２としたとき、５０．０≦Ｔｃ≦８０．０、Ｔｃ＜Ｔｗ１≦Ｔｗ２の関係を満たし、結着樹脂１００質量部に対する第１のワックスの含有量をＷ１（質量部）、第２のワックスの含有量をＷ２（質量部）としたとき、２．０≦Ｗ１＋Ｗ２≦１５．０及び０．１≦Ｗ２／Ｗ１≦１．０の関係を満たす。【選択図】 なし

Elektrophotographisches lichtempfindliches element, prozesskartusche und elektrophotographisches gerät

Bereitgestellt wird ein elektrophotographisches lichtempfindliches Element, das eine zufriedenstellende Übertragbarkeit erreicht. Ein elektrophotographisches lichtempfindliches Element beinhaltet eine ladungserzeugende Schicht, eine ladungstransportierende Schicht und eine Schutzschicht, die in der angegebenen Reihenfolge auf einen Träger laminiert sind, wobei die Schutzschicht ein Bindemittelharz und Teilchen enthält, und wobei, wenn eine durchschnittliche Dicke der Schutzschicht an einer teilchenfreien Stelle durch T dargestellt wird und ein volumengemittelter Teilchendurchmesser der Teilchen durch Dm in einem Querschnitt der Schutzschicht dargestellt wird, die folgende Formel (a) erfüllt ist.Dm>T

Harzteilchen und Verfahren des Herstellens des Harzteilchens und Toner und Verfahren des Herstellens des Toners

Bereitgestellt wird ein Toner, der ein Tonerteilchen mit einer Kern-Mantel-Struktur aufweist, die aus einem Kernteilchen und einer Mantelphase auf einer Oberfläche des Kernteilchens aufgebaut ist, wobei das Kernteilchen ein Harz X und ein Farbmittel enthält, wobei die Mantelphase von einem Harzfeinteilchen, das ein Harz Y enthält, abgeleitet ist, in welchem eine Beziehung zwischen einem SP-Wert des Harzes X, einem SP-Wert des Harzes Y und einem SP-Wert des organischen Lösungsmittels innerhalb eines spezifischen Bereichs fällt, und eine Beziehung zwischen einem zahlenmittleren Teilchendurchmesser des Harzfeinteilchens, wenn das Harzfeinteilchen in Wasser dispergiert ist, und einem zahlenmittleren Teilchendurchmesser des Harzfeinteilchens, wenn das Harzfeinteilchen in dem organischen Lösungsmittel dispergiert ist, in einen spezifischen Bereich fällt.

二成分系現像剤及び該二成分系現像剤を用いた画像形成方法

【課題】画像形成装置を低温低湿度条件下に数日間静置した後、高温高湿度使用環境において印字した場合においても高品質な画像が得られ、且つ低温定着性に優れた二成分現像剤および該二成分現像剤を用いた画像形成方法を提供する。 【解決手段】トナーとキャリアを少なくとも有する二成分系現像剤であって、トナーは着色剤と結着樹脂を少なくとも含有するトナーであり、トナーに対する負荷−除荷試験において、トナー１粒子に負荷速度９．８×１０ −５ Ｎ／ｓｅｃで２．９×１０ −４ Ｎの最大荷重をかけ、最大荷重で０．１秒間経過後に得られる変位量をＸ（μｍ）、０．１秒間経過後、除荷速度９．８×１０ −５ Ｎ／ｓｅｃで除荷し、荷重が０となったときに得られる変位量をＹ（μｍ）としたときに、ＹをＸで除した値（Ｙ／Ｘ：復元率）が０．４０以上、０．８０以下であり、トナーのフローテスター昇温法による１００℃の粘度が、５．０×１０ ３ Ｐａ・ｓ以上、２．５×１０ ４ Ｐａ・ｓ以下であり、トナーの真密度ρｔｒ（ｇ／ｃｍ ３ ）が、０．９０以上、１．２０以下であり、キャリアの真密度ρｃｒ（ｇ／ｃｍ ３ ）が、２．５以上、４．２以下であり、ρｔｒをρｃｒで除した値（ρｔｒ／ρｃｒ）が、０．２３以上、０．４５以下であることを特徴とする二成分系現像剤。 【選択図】なし

Dehydrogenation reaction catalyst, composite catalyst and supported catalyst

A dehydrogenation reaction catalyst has a perovskite structure represented by the general formula (A 1-x A' x )(Zr 1-y-z B y B' z )O 3 (where A is at least one element selected from alkaline earth metals, A' is at least one of lanthanum (La) and yttrium (Y), B is at least one of titanium (Ti) and cerium (Ce), and B' is at least one element selected from yttrium (Y), scandium (Sc), ytterbium (Yb), aluminum (Al), indium (In), and neodymium (Nd)). x, Y, and z satisfy 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4, 0.3 ≤ (1 - z) ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y, and 0 < (1 - y - z) .

Toner and toner manufacturing method

Toner

Ein Toner, umfassend ein Harz, das ein amorphes Segment und ein kristallines Segment als Bindemittelharz enthält, wobei der Anteil eines in Tetrahydrofuran unlöslichen Bestandteils einer Harzkomponente 40 Massen-% bis 80 Massen-% ist; bei der Differentialrasterkalorimetermessung des in Tetrahydrofuran unlöslichen Bestandteils, wobei eine Temperatur eines maximalen endothermen Scheitelpunkts mit Tm [°C] und eine endotherme Menge mit H(I) [J/g] bezeichnet wird, sind die folgenden Formeln (1) und (2) erfüllt:55,0≤Tm≤80,010,0≤H(I)≤80,0

Toner

Toner, umfassendein Harz, das ein amorphes Segment und ein kristallines Segment enthält, als ein Bindemittelharz, wobeiein Anteil eines in Tetrahydrofuran unlöslichen Bestandteils an einer Harzkomponente 40 Massen-% bis 80 Massen-% ist,der Anteil wird nach der folgenden Formel berechnet:ein Anteil eines in Tetrahydrofuran unlo¨slichen Bestandteils einerHarzkomponente=(Masse eines in Tetrahydrofuran unlo¨slichenBestandteils einer Harzkomponente im Toner)/(Masse einerHarzkomponente im Toner)×100,bei einer Differentialrasterkalorimeter-Messung des in Tetrahydrofuran unlöslichen Bestandteils,wobei eine Temperatur eines maximalen endothermen Scheitelpunkts mit Tm [°C] und eine endotherme Menge mit H(I) [J/g] bezeichnet wird,sind die folgenden Formeln (1) und (2) erfüllt:55,0≤Tm≤80,010,0≤H(I)≤80,0dadurch gekennzeichnet, dassdas Bindemittelharzein vernetztes Polyesterharzsegment, welches das amorphe Segment ist und in welchem ein Vinylharz mit Kristallinität und ein Polyesterharz durch Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen miteinander vernetzt sind; undein Vinylharzsegment, das das kristalline Segment ist und Kristallinität aufweist, beinhaltet.

トナー

【課題】 低温定着性を有しながら、耐ホットオフセット性と、幅広い温度領域に渡り高く安定したグロスとを確保したトナーを提供すること。 【解決手段】 細管式レオメータによる測定において、測定加圧面の面積が１．０ｃｍ ２ 、ダイ径が１．０ｍｍ、５．０ＭＰａ加圧時にて、温度ＴｐＡ＋５℃で結着樹脂Ａおよび樹脂Ｂを測定したとき、変位が２．０ｍｍに到達する時間をそれぞれｔＡ（ＴｐＡ＋５℃）、ｔＢ（ＴｐＡ＋５℃）としたとき、以下の関係式を満たすことを特徴とするトナー。 １０［ｓ］≦ｔＡ（ＴｐＡ＋５℃）≦１００［ｓ］ （１） ５０［ｓ］≦｛ｔＢ（ＴｐＡ＋５℃）−ｔＡ（ＴｐＡ＋５℃）｝≦２０００［ｓ］ （２） 【選択図】 なし

Toner and method for producing toner

A toner including toner particles having a resin component containing a crystalline resin and an amorphous resin, in which the resin component contains a tetrahydrofuran-insoluble component, and the content of the tetrahydrofuran-insoluble component with respect to the content of the resin component is 5.0% to 80.0% by mass, wherein a maximum endothermic peak temperature of the tetrahydrofuran-insoluble component is 55.0 to 80.0° C., and the amount of heat absorption in the maximum endothermic peak of the tetrahydrofuran-insoluble component is 10.0 to 80.0 Pa, and toner particles have a structure which comprises a matrix containing the crystalline resin and domains containing the amorphous resin.

Toner und verfahren zur herstellung von toner

Ein Toner umfasst ein Tonerteilchen, das eine Harzkomponente enthält, die ein kristallines Harz und ein amorphes Harz beinhaltet. Bei einer Querschnittsbetrachtung des Tonerteilchens wird eine Domänen-Matrix-Struktur beobachtet, die eine Matrix, die das kristalline Harz enthält, und Domänen, die das amorphe Harz enthalten, umfasst. Die mittels DSC bestimmte maximale endotherme Peaktemperatur Tm des Toners liegt zwischen 50°C und 80°C. Wenn der Speicherelastizitätsmodul des Toners bei einer Temperatur, die 5°C niedriger als Tm ist, G'(-5) (Pa) ist, und der Speicherelastizitätsmodul des Toners bei einer Temperatur, die 5°C höher als Tm ist, G'(+5) (Pa) ist, erfüllen G'(-5) und G'(+5) die Ungleichung (1), und wenn der maximale Verlusttangens des Toners in einem Temperaturbereich von 50°C bis 130°C tanδ (Max) ist, erfüllt tanδ (Max) die Ungleichung (2).

Toner and method for producing toner

A toner includes a toner particle containing a resin component including a crystalline resin and an amorphous resin. In a cross-sectional observation of the toner particle, a domain-matrix structure which comprises a matrix containing the crystalline resin and domains containing the amorphous resin is observed. The maximum endothermic peak temperature Tm of the toner determined by DSC is 50° C. to 80° C. When the storage elastic modulus of the toner at a temperature 5° C. lower than Tm is G′(−5) (Pa), and the storage elastic modulus of the toner at a temperature 5° C. higher than Tm is G′(+5) (Pa), G′(−5) and G′(+5) satisfy inequality (1), and when the maximum loss tangent of the toner in a temperature range of from 50° C. to 130° C. is tan δ (Max), tan δ (Max) satisfies inequality (2).

Photoelectric conversion element, and photoelectric conversion module, photoelectric conversion device, movable body, and building material each including photoelectric conversion element

In order to provide a photoelectric conversion element having higher photoelectric conversion efficiency, in a photoelectric conversion element having a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoelectric conversion layer containing an organic-inorganic perovskite compound and disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, a particle layer including particles that mainly contain a phthalocyanine compound is arranged between the photoelectric conversion layer and the first electrode.

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an electroconductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer, wherein the protection layer comprises an electroconductive particle, the electroconductive particle has a surface comprising a metal oxide containing a titanium atom and a niobium atom, an atomic concentration ratio of the niobium atom to the titanium atom in the metal oxide is 0.01 to 0.20, the electroconductive particle is surface-treated with a compound having a silicon atom, a content ratio of the electroconductive particle in the protection layer is 5 vol% or more and less than 40 vol% with respect to a total volume of the protection layer, and relative concentrations of a plurality of atoms at a surface of the protection layer, which are determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, satisfy specific conditions.

Photoelectric conversion element and photoelectric conversion device including the photoelectric conversion element

The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion element including a first electrode 3, a second electrode 7, a photoelectric conversion layer 5 between the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 7, and a reflection layer 6 between one of the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 7 and the photoelectric conversion layer 5. The wavelength at which the reflectance of the reflection layer 6 is maximum in the visible region is within the range of wavelengths in which the optical absorption coefficient of the photoelectric conversion layer 5 is ⅕ or more of the maximum optical absorption coefficient in the visible region.

Externes Additiv, Verfahren zum Herstellen eines externen Additivs, und Toner

Es wird ein externes Additiv bereitgestellt, enthaltend ein Harzteilchen, das ein kristallines Harz enthält, und ein anorganisches Feinteilchen, das ein Metallatom enthält, wobei das anorganische Feinteilchen in das Harzteilchen eingebettet ist, wobei ein Teil des anorganischen Feinteilchens auf einer Oberfläche des Harzteilchens exponiert ist, wobei die maximale endotherme Peaktemperatur des externen Additivs während eines ersten Temperaturanstiegs von 50,0°C bis 120°C beträgt, der Formfaktor SF-2 des externen Additivs 110 bis 150 beträgt, und das externe Additiv die folgenden Formeln (1) und (2) erfüllt, bei denen Za (Masse-%) der prozentuale Anteil eines Metallatoms ist, das im anorganischen Feinteilchen auf der Oberfläche des externen Additivs in Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie enthalten ist, und Zb (Masse-%) der prozentuale Anteil des Metallatoms in thermogravimetrischer Analyse des externen Additivs ist, Za ≥ 15 und Za/Zb ≥ 0,7

セラミックス

【課題】第１の層と第２の層との間の界面の密着性を向上できるセラミックスを提供すること。【解決手段】セラミックスは、互いに固着した第１の層および第２の層を含むものであり、第１の層はＣａを含む安定化ジルコニア又は部分安定化ジルコニアを含み、第２の層はＹを含む安定化ジルコニア又は部分安定化ジルコニアを含み、第１の層と第２の層との間の界面の付近にＣａが存在し、界面から第２の層側に２μｍ離れた位置における、Ｚｒの物質量とＣａの物質量との合計に対するＣａの物質量の割合Ｒ２は１．６ｍｏｌ％以上である。【選択図】図１

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer in this order, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibits a wrinkled shape by having a concavo-convex shape, the surface layer comprises a binder resin and an inorganic particle, and at least a part of the inorganic particle exposes at a concave portion of the concavo-convex shape.

トナーの製造方法

【課題】低温定着性と耐熱保存性を長期に渡って安定に持続させることができ、しかもワックスの表面偏在が少なく、耐久性にも優れたトナーの製造方法を提供する。 【解決手段】結晶性ポリエステルを含有する結着樹脂、着色剤粒子、及びワックス粒子を有機溶剤中に溶解または分散させて樹脂組成物を調製する工程、得られた樹脂組成物を非水系媒体中に分散させて樹脂組成物の液状粒子の分散体を調製する工程、得られた液状粒子の分散体から有機溶剤を除去することによってトナー粒子を形成する工程を有するトナーの製造方法であって、該ワックス粒子はワックス成分を樹脂で被覆した粒子であり、該ワックス粒子を有機溶剤及び非水系媒体に分散させた後の該ワックス成分を被覆する該樹脂の固形分の残留率が、５０質量％以上であることを特徴とするトナーの製造方法。 【選択図】図１

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer containing a binder resin, electroconductive particles, and insulating particles, wherein when a volume resistivity of the insulating particles is represented by R1 [Ω·cm], a volume resistivity of the electroconductive particles is represented by R2 [Ω·cm], a ratio of an area of the insulating particles that are exposed to a total area of the surface layer is represented by S1 [%], a ratio of an area of the electroconductive particles that are exposed to the total area of the surface layer is represented by S2 [%], an average exposed height of the insulating particles exposed to a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is represented by L1 [nm], and an average exposed height of the electroconductive particles exposed to the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is represented by L2 [nm], those parameters satisfy specific relational formulae.

酸素透過膜および酸素透過膜の製造方法

【課題】酸素イオン伝導体として安定化ジルコニアを用い、電子伝導体としてランタンクロマイト系の複合酸化物を用いた酸素透過膜の性能を向上させる。 【解決手段】酸素透過膜１０は安定化ジルコニアとランタンクロマイト系複合酸化物とを含む混合伝導層を備える。ランタンクロマイト系複合酸化物は、組成式Ｌａ １−ｘ Ｍ ｘ ＣｒＯ ３−ｚ （式中、Ｍは、マグネシウム（Ｍｇ）を除くアルカリ土類金属から選択される元素であり、０≦ｘ≦０．３であり、ｚは任意である）および／または組成式ＬａＣｒ １−ｘ Ｍｇ ｘ Ｏ ３−ｚ （式中、０≦ｘ≦０．３であり、ｚは任意である）で表わされる酸化物である。混合伝導層の少なくとも一方の面についてのＣｕＫαを線源とするＸ線回折パターンにおいて、Ｌａ ２ Ｚｒ ２ Ｏ ７ のメインピークの、安定化ジルコニアのメインピークに対する積分強度比が、２％以下である。 【選択図】図１

トナー

【課題】結晶性ポリエステルユニットを用いたトナーの場合でも、低温から高温にいたる広い定着温度領域を満たし、更に、光沢度が高く、光沢度の高い温度領域の幅が広いトナーを得ること。 【解決手段】結晶構造をとりうる部位及びウレタン結合を有する樹脂（ａ）を含有する結着樹脂、着色剤及びワックスを含有するトナー粒子を有するトナーであって、 該トナーの示差走査熱量計（ＤＳＣ）による測定において、該結着樹脂が１回目昇温における最大吸熱ピークのピーク温度（Ｔｐ［℃］）が５０℃以上８０℃以下にあり、 該樹脂（ａ）は、結晶構造をとりうる部位を５０質量％以上９０質量％以下含有し、ジイソシアネート濃度が０．４０ｍｍｏｌ／ｇ以上１．２０ｍｍｏｌ／ｇ以下であり、 該樹脂（ａ）は酢酸エチル不溶分を３．０乃至３０．０質量％含有し、該樹脂（ａ）の酢酸エチル不溶分のジイソシアネート濃度が可溶分のジイソシアネート濃度より大きくする。 【選択図】なし

Elektrophotographisches lichtempfindliches element, prozesskartusche und elektrophotographisches gerät

Es wird ein elektrophotographisches lichtempfindliches Element bereitgestellt, das in der Lage ist, sowohl eine Verbesserung der Bildqualität als auch eine Verbesserung der Übertragbarkeit eines Halbtonbildes durch Unterdrückung der Lichtstreuung in einer Oberflächenschicht des elektrophotographischen lichtempfindlichen Elements zu erreichen. Das elektrophotographische lichtempfindliche Element enthält einen Träger und eine lichtempfindliche Schicht auf dem Träger, wobei eine Oberflächenschicht des elektrophotographischen lichtempfindlichen Elements ein Teilchen enthält, die Oberflächenschicht ein Teilchen aufweist, das teilweise von der Oberflächenschicht unter dem in der Oberflächenschicht enthaltenen Teilchen freiliegt, wobei das Teilchen einen volumengemittelten Teilchendurchmesser von 50,0 nm oder mehr und 350.0 nm oder weniger aufweist; in einem Querschnitt der Oberflächenschicht die Anzahl des Teilchens, das teilweise von der Oberflächenschicht freigelegt ist, 80 Anzahl-% oder mehr beträgt, bezogen auf eine Gesamtzahl des Teilchens, das in der Oberflächenschicht enthalten ist; und ein Gesamtvolumen eines freiliegenden Teils des Teilchens, das teilweise von der Oberflächenschicht freigelegt ist, 30% nach Volumen oder mehr und 80% nach Volumen oder weniger beträgt, bezogen auf ein Gesamtvolumen des Teilchens, das in der Oberflächenschicht enthalten ist.

Toner

A toner has toner particles containing a binder resin that comprises a block polymer as a main component, obtained by chemically bonding a crystalline polyester resin with an amorphous polyurethane resin, wherein the binder resin has a specific content of a crystalline polyester resin component, and has a concentration of ester bonds derived from the crystalline polyester resin component of not more than 5.2 mmol/g, and The maximum value E MAX of the flexural elasticity modulus E in a three-point bending test on the toner and the strain energy u for the toner satisfy specific values.

トナーおよびフルカラー画像形成方法

【課題】高速、高画質、高耐久、低環境負荷、多種メディア対応および高環境安定性を満足するトナーを提供する。 【解決手段】フルカラー画像形成方法であって、該静電荷像担持体は接触する部材によって帯電され、非磁性トナーよりなる現像剤によって現像され、該現像手段は転写残トナー回収を兼用し、該中間転写体と接触する部材によって該トナー像が該中間転写体に転写され、該転写材と接触する部材によって該フルカラー画像が該転写材に転写され、該定着手段はオイル塗布機構を具備しない定着手段である画像形成方法に用いられるトナーにおいて、該トナーは少なくとも融点が５０℃〜１２０℃の低軟化点化合物を有し、かつ、該トナー表面にはオイル処理されたシリカ微粒子が少なくとも付着しており、該トナーの重量平均粒径（Ｄ４）が３μｍ〜１１μｍであることを特徴とする。 【選択図】　　　なし

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface layer in this order, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibits a wrinkled shape by having a concavo-convex shape, the surface layer comprises a binder resin and an inorganic particle, and at least a part of the inorganic particle exposes at a concave portion of the concavo-convex shape.

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that achieves satisfactory transferability. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a charge generating layer, a charge transporting layer, and a protection layer laminated on a support in the stated order, wherein the protection layer contains a binder resin and particles, and wherein when an average thickness of the protection layer in a site free of the particles is represented by T and a volume-average particle diameter of the particles is represented by Dm in a cross-section of the protection layer, the following formula (a) is satisfied.

的中投票券決定システム及び的中投票券決定方法

【課題】レース投票者の興趣を向上させる的中投票券決定システム及び的中投票券決定方法を提供する。【解決手段】公営競技のレース結果を利用して的中投票券を決定するシステムであって、決められた発行数によって構成されたひとつのユニットの中では重複しないように番号又は記号が付されている投票券を、購入予約者に対して、アトランダムに割り当てる投票券割当部（Ｓ１２０）と、或るユニットが完売した後、そのユニットの的中投票券を決定する対象レース日を設定する日程設定部（Ｓ１４０）と、設定された対象レース日のレース結果に基づいて的中投票券を決定する的中券決定部（Ｓ２２０）とを有する。【選択図】図４

現像剤および現像方法

【課題】苛酷なプリントケースにおいても転写材上のベタ画像濃度が一様に均一で安定した現像剤および現像方法を提供することにある。 【解決手段】現像剤担持体１と現像剤規制部材３と現像剤供給部材２と該現像剤搬送部材と該現像容器とから構成された現像室に現像剤を供給する撹拌室を有し、該現像室が該撹拌室からの現像剤の入口と出口を持つ現像方法に用いられる現像剤であって、 該現像方法は、前記現像室の長手方向に垂直な断面において、現像剤搬送領域を除く前記現像容器によって囲まれた領域の供給部材回転中心軸より鉛直上方に囲まれた断面積の、現像剤搬送部材によって生じる現像剤の搬送方向上流側の断面積Ｓ１と搬送方向下流側の断面積Ｓ２の関係が、Ｓ１＜Ｓ２を満たし、 該現像剤は、嵩密度（Ｄ１）と静置嵩密度（Ｄ２）の関係がＤ２／Ｄ１＝１．２２乃至１．４２を満たし、Ｄ２＝０．４２乃至０．５５であることを特徴とする。 【選択図】図１

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

トナー

【課題】低温定着性に有利なシャープメルト性に優れたトナーでありながら、低温部から高温部において広い定着の幅を有し、トナーの耐熱保存性が高いトナーを提供すること。 【解決手段】ポリエステルを主成分にする結着樹脂、着色剤及びワックスを含有するトナー粒子を含有するトナーであって、結着樹脂は結晶構造をとりうる部位と結晶構造をとりえない部位を結合したブロックポリマーを含有し、トナーの示差走査熱量計（ＤＳＣ）測定から求められる、結着樹脂に由来する最大吸熱ピークのピーク温度が５０℃以上８０℃以下であり、最大吸熱ピークの吸熱量が３０Ｊ／ｇ以上１００Ｊ／ｇ以下であり、ワックスは、３官能以上のエステルワックスであることを特徴とするトナー。 【選択図】なし

Process cartridge

A process cartridge including: an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a drum shape; a developing unit for developing an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member with toner; and a cleaning blade for removing the toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the cleaning blade being in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises wrinkles on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and wherein the toner has a fluidity torque E of 320 mJ or more.

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer on the support, in which a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a particle, the surface layer has a particle partially exposed from the surface layer among the particle contained in the surface layer, the particle has a volume average particle diameter of 50.0 nm or more and 350.0 nm or less; in a cross-section of the surface layer, the number of the particle partially exposed from the surface layer is 80% by number or more based on a total number of the particle contained in the surface layer; and a total volume of an exposed portion of the particle partially exposed from the surface layer is 30% by volume or more and 80% by volume or less based on an entire volume of the particle contained in the surface layer.

トナー及び画像形成方法

【課題】 クイックスタート性及び小電力に優れた画像形成方法において、定着画像の光沢度を均一に保ち、心理的に安らぎを与え、ＯＨＰ透過性に優れた高画質の画像を提供し得るトナーを提供する。 【解決手段】 加熱定着装置において、所定のゴム硬度を備えた弾性層を有する定着ベルトを用い、トナーとして、低軟化点物質及び所定量のＴＨＦ不溶分を含有し、ＴＨＦ可溶分において特定の分子量分布を示し、特定の粘弾性特性を有するトナーとする。 【選択図】 なし

イエロートナー

【課題】 静電荷像現像用の重合法イエロートナーのうち、帯電安定性と耐久性に優れ、着色剤の分散がよく、解像度に優れたものを提供する。 【解決手段】 重合性単量体、極性樹脂、着色剤及び架橋性単量体を含有するコア用単量体組成物を微小な液滴に造粒した後、重合開始剤の存在下、懸濁重合して着色重合体粒子を生成させ、次いで、着色重合体粒子の存在下にシェル用重合性単量体を懸濁重合することにより得られたコア・シェル構造の重合法トナーであって、 重合開始剤が下記構造式（１）で示される分子量が２４０以下の化合物であり、 着色剤がＣ．Ｉ．Ｐｉｇｍｅｎｔ Ｙｅｌｌｏｗ２４等のイエロー着色剤であり、 トナーのＴＨＦ可溶成分のＧＰＣにおける重量平均分子量が３万乃至１０万である。 【選択図】 なし

トナー用の着色粒子の製造方法

【課題】 連続プリントにおける帯電性、細線再現性、転写性、低温時の定着性と、耐光性である。 【解決手段】 少なくとも結着樹脂、染料、ワックスを含むトナー組成物を有機溶媒中に溶解又は分散させて調製された混合溶液を、水系媒体中に添加して懸濁造粒をするトナー製造方法において、粒子分散液のｐＨを４．５以上７．０未満とすることを特徴とする。 【選択図】 なし

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

In the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the wrinkles have a convex portion in which a linear shape portion having a length of 50 µm or longer exists, the linear shape portion is parallel to any one of L1 to L150 and L1651 to L1800, and each of L1 to L1800 intersects with the convex portion at a plurality of places, and at least two of the places have different intersection angles; and when height information of the wrinkles is subjected to a frequency analysis, and a two-dimensional power spectrum is obtained, a one-dimensional radial distribution function has at least one local maximum value, and when an angular distribution is calculated from the spectrum at a frequency of the local maximum value, the power values have a particular relationship.

Toner kit and color-image-forming method

In a toner kit having i) a non-magnetic black toner having at least carbon black and ii) color toners, the black toner has a weight-average particle diameter represented by D4b and a one-point method BET specific surface area represented by Sb, and the color toners, other than the-black toner, each have a weight-average particle diameter represented by D4c and a one-point method BET specific surface area represented by Sc, where the black toner and color toners satisfy the following relations (1) and (2): 0.60≦ D 4. c/D 4 b ≦0.96,   Relation (1): 0.750≦ Sc/Sb ≦1.000;   Relation (2): and each have an average circularity of from 0.950 to 1.000 and a circularity standard deviation of less than 0.040 as measured with a flow type particle image analyzer.