Neue Elektrolyte zur Verbesserung der Sauerstoffreduktionsreaktion (ORR) in der Kathodenschicht einer Protonenaustausch-Brennstoffzelle

Neue Elektrolyte zur Verbesserung der Sauerstoffreduktionsreaktion (ORR) in der Kathodenschicht einer Protonenaustausch-Brennstoffzelle

Beschrieben werden verbesserte Materialien auf Polymerbasis, zum Beispiel zur Verwendung als Elektrodenbindemittel in einer Brennstoffzelle. Eine Brennstoffzelle gemäß einem Beispiel der Erfindung umfasst eine erste Elektrode einschließlich einem Katalysator und einem Elektrodenbindemittel, eine zweite Elektrode und einen zwischen der ersten Elektrode und der zweiten Elektrode angeordneten Elektrolyten. Der Elektrolyt kann eine Protonenaustauschmembran (PEM) sein. Das Elektrodenbindemittel schließt ein oder mehrere Polymere ein, wie ein Polyphosphazen.1 ...

SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE PELVIC SURGERY

The invention, in various embodiments, provides systems, devices, and methods for treating urinary incontinence. 117-. (canceled)18. A method of treating urinary incontinence in a patient , the method comprising the steps of:introducing a guide member through a first suprapubic incision in said patient,advancing said guide member between said patient's urethra and vaginal wall and exiting said patient through a second suprapubic incision; a pouch having a substantially flat shape and first and second ends, and', 'a urethral support sling positioned inside of said pouch; and, 'inserting one end of said guide member into a lumen of a catheter attached to an assembly, said assembly comprisingadvancing said catheter and said assembly along said guide member from said first suprapubic incision to said second suprapubic incision.19. The method of claim 18 , wherein said assembly further comprises a member configured to extend entirely through said catheter.20. The method of claim 18 , wherein said assembly further comprises a tapered catheter.21. The method of claim 18 , wherein said sling comprises a stiffener.22. The method of claim 18 , wherein a portion of said sling extends beyond the proximal end of said pouch23. The method of claim 22 , wherein said portion of said sling extending beyond the proximal end of said pouch is configured to be grasped.24. The method of claim 18 , wherein said pouch releasably engages said sling.25. The method of claim 18 , wherein said sling is attached to said pouch.26. The method of claim 18 , wherein said pouch has a tapered distal end.27. The method of claim 18 , wherein said sling is sufficiently long enough to pass between two suprapubic incisions on opposite sides of a urethra. This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 12/615,261, filed Nov. 9, 2009, which is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 11/495,971, filed Jul. 28, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,614,999, which is a continuation of prior application ...

NANOFIBER ELECTRODE AND METHOD OF FORMING SAME

In one aspect, a method of forming an electrode for an electrochemical device is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of mixing at least a first amount of a catalyst and a second amount of an ionomer or uncharged polymer to form a solution and delivering the solution into a metallic needle having a needle tip. The method further includes the steps of applying a voltage between the needle tip and a collector substrate positioned at a distance from the needle tip, and extruding the solution from the needle tip at a flow rate such as to generate electrospun fibers and deposit the generated fibers on the collector substrate to form a mat with a porous network of fibers. Each fiber in the porous network of the mat has distributed particles of the catalyst. The method also includes the step of pressing the mat onto a membrane. 1. A method of forming an electrode for an electrochemical device , comprising the steps of:(a) mixing at least a first amount of a catalyst and a second amount of an ionomer or an uncharged polymer to form a solution;(b) delivering the solution into a metallic needle having a needle tip;(c) applying a voltage between the needle tip and a collector substrate positioned at a distance from the needle tip;(d) extruding the solution from the needle tip at a flow rate such as to generate electrospun fibers and deposit the generated fibers on the collector substrate to form a mat comprising a porous network of fibers, wherein each fiber has a plurality of particles of the catalyst distributed thereon; and(e) pressing the mat onto a membrane.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises platinum-supported carbon (Pt/C).3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionomer or uncharged polymer comprises Nafion®.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the solution further comprises mixing a third amount of a second polymer with the first amount of catalyst and second amount of ionomer or uncharged polymer.5. The method of claim ...

METHOD OF TREATING BENIGN HYPERTROPHY OF THE PROSTATE

Measurement of a patient's leak point pressure in the bladder can be taken by a processor in communication with a pressure catheter in the bladder. When leakage occurs pressure data points can be recorded. In some embodiments, the peak pressure can be determined based on pressure data points measured during a set time just before receiving a clinician input indicative that leakage has occurred. 1. (canceled)2. A system for measuring leak point pressure in a bladder comprising:a pressure catheter having at least a portion configured for placement in a bladder of a patient;an input device; anda processor in communication with the input device and the pressure catheter, the processor configured to measure pressure associated with the bladder of the patient based on data received from the pressure catheter, wherein in response to receiving a clinician input from the input device the processor is further configured to determine a peak pressure during a set time just before receiving the clinician input.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the set time comprises five seconds or less.4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the set time comprises three seconds or less.5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the set time comprises two seconds or less.6. The system of claim 2 , wherein the set time comprises one second or less.7. The system of claim 2 , wherein the processor is configured to measure pressure at the rate of about 1000 points per second.8. The system of claim 3 , wherein the processor is configured to measure pressure at the rate of about 1000 points per second.9. The system of claim 2 , further comprising a second pressure catheter having at least a portion configured for placement in a rectum of the patient.10. The system of claim 2 , wherein the input device comprises a button.11. A method for measuring leak point pressure in a bladder comprising:measuring pressure with a processor, the pressure associated with a bladder of a patient based on data received from a ...

POROUS NANO-FIBER MATS TO REINFORCE PROTON CONDUCTING MEMBRANES FOR PEM APPLICATIONS

A method of manufacturing a proton conducting fuel cell composite membrane includes the step of electrospinning a non-charged polymeric material, such as PVDF and PSF, into fiber mats. The fibers are fused to one another to provide a welded porous mat. The welded porous mat is filled with proton conducting electrolyte, such as PFSA polymer, to generate a proton conducting composite membrane. The resulting proton conducting fuel cell membrane comprises a randomly oriented, three dimensional interlinked fiber lattice structure filled with proton conducting electrolyte, such as PFSA polymer. 1. A method of manufacturing a proton conductive fuel cell membrane comprising:electrospinning a non-charged polymeric material into fiber mats;fusing the fibers to one another to provide a welded porous mat; andfilling the welded porous mat with a proton conducting polymer solution, to provide a proton conducting composite membrane for use in electrochemical cells.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the fusing step includes interlinking the fibers to one another at fiber intersections using solvent welding.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrospinning step includes producing fiber mats having an average fiber diameter in the range of 100-1150 nm claim 1 , mat thickness in the range of 10-100 μm claim 1 , and mat porosity in the range of 40-95%.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the average fiber diameter is 100-600 nm.5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the polymeric material includes at least one of PVDF and PSF.6. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the electrospinning step includes dissolving the polymeric material in mixture solvents including DMAc.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the electrospinning step includes selecting polymeric material concentration claim 6 , solvent ratio claim 6 , voltage claim 6 , spinneret-to-collector distance and polymeric material solution flow to produce fibers in the range without ...

SELF-REGULATING GAS GENERATOR AND METHOD

A self-regulating gas generator that, in response to gas demand, supplies and automatically adjusts the amount of gas (e.g., hydrogen or oxygen) catalytically generated in a chemical supply chamber from an appropriate chemical supply, such as a chemical solution, gas dissolved in liquid, or mixture. In some embodiments, the gas generator may employ a piston, rotating rod, or other element(s) to expose the chemical supply to the catalyst in controlled amounts. In another embodiment, the self-regulating gas generator uses bang-bang control, with the element(s) exposing a catalyst, contained within the chemical supply chamber, to the chemical supply in ON and OFF states according to a self-adjusting duty cycle, thereby generating and outputting the gas in an orientation-independent manner. The gas generator may be used to provide gas for various gas consuming devices, such as a fuel cell, torch, or oxygen respiratory devices. 1. A gas generating device , comprising:a chemical supply chamber defining a volume configured to contain a chemical supply, the chamber including an element configured to expose a catalyst contained within the chamber to the chemical supply according to a self-adjusting duty cycle as a function of pressure internal to the chamber relative to pressure external from the chamber to generate and output a gas in an orientation-independent manner.2. The gas generating device of wherein the element defines a portion of a boundary of the chamber.3. The gas generating device of wherein the element is configured to move between an ON position and OFF position in response to a sum of forces acting on the element claim 1 , the forces including force applied by the pressure internal to the chamber claim 1 , pressure internal to a reference pressure chamber claim 1 , and a forcer.4. The gas generating device of wherein the chemical supply chamber is disposed within a cavity defined by a body of the gas generating device claim 3 , wherein the element and the ...

Nanofiber membrane-electrode-assembly and method of fabricating same

In one aspect of the present invention, a fuel cell membrane-electrode-assembly (MEA) has an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and a membrane disposed between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. At least one of the anode electrode, the cathode electrode and the membrane is formed of electrospun nanofibers.

METHOD OF REMOVING AN INFLATED IMPLANT FROM A BLADDER

An inflated implant, such as an attenuation device, previously implanted in a urinary bladder can later be removed according to a number of different methods. Preferably, removal is accomplished transurethrally. In one embodiment, removal is accomplished by reducing the inflated implant from an enlarged profile to a reduced profile so that it may be withdrawn transurethrally by a removal system. The removal system can be configured differently depending upon whether reduction from the enlarged profile to the reduced profile is accomplished by deflation, compression, and/or other ways. 1. A device for treating symptoms of a urinary tract dysfunction, comprising a compressible attenuation device having an expanded volume within the range of from about 1 cc to about 400 cc, and a valve for permitting filling of the attenuation device through a filling device; wherein the valve has a first pair of complementary surfaces for resisting deflation of the attenuation device, and a second pair of complementary surfaces for resisting additional filling of the attenuation device when the attenuation device is exposed to an external pressure which is greater than an internal pressure within the attenuation device. This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/512,228, filed Oct. 10, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/660,814, filed Oct. 25, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,858,460, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/343,120, filed Dec. 23, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,298,132, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/391,448 filed Mar. 17, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,470,228, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/391,446, filed Mar. 17, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,976,950, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Appl. No. 60/415,949, filed Oct. 3, 2002, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/391,446 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent ...

Method of removing an inflated implant from a bladder

An inflated implant, such as an attenuation device, previously implanted in a urinary bladder can later be removed according to a number of different methods. Preferably, removal is accomplished transurethrally. In one embodiment, removal is accomplished by reducing the inflated implant from an enlarged profile to a reduced profile so that it may be withdrawn transurethrally by a removal system. The removal system can be configured differently depending upon whether reduction from the enlarged profile to the reduced profile is accomplished by deflation, compression, and/or other ways.

NANOFIBER MEMBRANE-ELECTRODE-ASSEMBLY AND METHOD OF FABRICATING SAME

In one aspect of the present invention, a method of fabricating a fuel cell membrane-electrode-assembly (MEA) having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and a membrane disposed between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, includes fabricating each of the anode electrode, the cathode electrode, and the membrane separately by electrospinning; and placing the membrane between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, and pressing then together to form the fuel cell MEA.

NANOFIBER-BASED BIPOLAR MEMBRANES, FABRICATING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF SAME

A bipolar membrane comprising a cation exchange mat of one or more cation exchange polymers, an anion exchange mat of one or more anion exchange polymers, and an internal 3D bipolar interface, disposed between the cation and anion exchange layers, including a mixture of at least one cation exchange polymer and at least one anion exchange polymer, such that an interface of the at least one cation exchange polymer and the at least one anion exchange polymer is the internal 3D bipolar interface that has a large area, and the at least one cation exchange polymer in the 3D bipolar interface is connected to the one or more cation exchange polymers of the cation exchange layer, and the at least one anion exchange polymer in the 3D bipolar interface is connected to the one or more anion exchange polymers of the anion exchange layer. 1. (canceled)2. A bipolar membrane , comprising:an internal 3-dimensional (3D) bipolar interface; anda first layer, a second layer, and a third layer,wherein the first layer comprises a cation exchange dense layer formed of one or more cation exchange polymers;wherein the third layer comprises an anion exchange dense layer formed of one or more anion exchange polymers; andwherein the second layer, disposed between the first layer and the third layer, comprises a mixture of at least one cation exchange polymer and at least one anion exchange polymer, such that an interface of the at least one cation exchange polymer and the at least one anion exchange polymer construes the internal 3D bipolar interface that has a large area, and wherein the at least one cation exchange polymer in the second layer is connected to the one or more cation exchange polymers of the first layer, and the at least one anion exchange polymer in the second layer is connected to the one or more anion exchange polymers of the third layer.3. The bipolar membrane of claim 2 , wherein the at least one cation exchange polymer in the second layer is same as or different from the ...

NANOFIBER ELECTRODE AND METHOD OF FORMING SAME

A method of forming an electrode for an electrochemical device includes mixing at least a first amount of a catalyst and a second amount of an ionomer or an uncharged polymer to form a liquid mixture; delivering the liquid mixture into a metallic needle having a needle tip; applying a voltage between the needle tip and a collector substrate positioned at a distance from the needle tip; and extruding the liquid mixture from the needle tip at a flow rate such as to generate electrospun fibers and deposit the generated fibers on the collector substrate to form a mat comprising a porous network of fibers, where each fiber has a plurality of particles of the catalyst distributed thereon. 1. A method of forming an electrode for an electrochemical device , comprising the steps of:(a) mixing at least a first amount of a catalyst and a second amount of an ionomer or an uncharged polymer to form a liquid mixture;(b) delivering the liquid mixture into a metallic needle having a needle tip;(c) applying a voltage between the needle tip and a collector substrate positioned at a distance from the needle tip; and(d) extruding the liquid mixture from the needle tip at a flow rate such as to generate electrospun fibers and deposit the generated fibers on the collector substrate to form a mat comprising a porous network of fibers, wherein each fiber has a plurality of particles of the catalyst distributed thereon;2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises platinum-supported carbon (Pt/C).3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionomer comprises Nafion®.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid mixture further comprises a third amount of a second polymer mixed with the first amount of catalyst and second amount of ionomer or uncharged polymer.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the second polymer comprises polyacrylic acid (PAA).6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the ratios between the catalyst claim 4 , the ionomer or uncharged polymer claim 4 , and the second polymer ...

Method of removing an inflated implant from a bladder

An inflated implant, such as an attenuation device, previously implanted in a urinary bladder can later be removed according to a number of different methods. Preferably, removal is accomplished transurethrally. In one embodiment, removal is accomplished by reducing the inflated implant from an enlarged profile to a reduced profile so that it may be withdrawn transurethrally by a removal system. The removal system can be configured differently depending upon whether reduction from the enlarged profile to the reduced profile is accomplished by deflation, compression, and/or other ways.

RADIAL BEARING DEVICE

A bearing device for supporting a shaft to rotate relative to an outer hub includes: an annular outer race mountable within an interior bore of the hub, the outer race including an inwardly facing radial groove sized to receive a rounded bearing element; and an annular inner race mountable to an outwardly curved exterior surface of the shaft. The inner race includes an outwardly facing radial groove sized to receive the bearing element, the respective radial grooves of the inner and outer races together forming an annular raceway to retain the bearing element when the bearing device is assembled. The inner race further includes an axially convex surface along an innermost diameter of the inner race, the convex surface shaped to directly engage the exterior surface of the shaft when mounted thereto, such that the inner race remains in contact with the shaft while accommodating radial deflection of the shaft. 1. A bearing device for supporting a shaft to rotate relative to an outer hub , the bearing device comprising:an annular outer race mountable within an interior bore of the hub, the outer race comprising an inwardly facing radial groove sized to receive a rounded bearing element; and an outwardly facing radial groove sized to receive a bearing element, the respective radial grooves of the inner and outer races together forming an annular raceway to retain the bearing element when the bearing device is assembled; and', 'an axially convex surface along an innermost diameter of the inner race, the convex surface shaped to directly engage the exterior surface of the shaft when mounted thereto, such that the inner race remains in contact with the shaft while simultaneously accommodating radial deflection of the shaft caused by external forces., 'an annular inner race mountable to an outwardly curved exterior surface of the shaft, the inner race comprising2. The bearing device of claim 1 , wherein the convex surface is symmetrically curved about an axial midpoint of ...

SYSTEMS, DEVICES AND METHODS FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE PELVIC SURGERY

The invention, in various embodiments, provides systems, devices, and methods for treating urinary incontinence. 1a shaft having a proximal end, a distal end, and a lumen extending therethrough, said lumen adapted for receiving a guide member; andan engaging member said distal end of said shaft for engaging another guide member placement device.. A guide member placement device for inserting a guide member in a body tissue, comprising: This application is a Continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/301,273, filed Nov. 21, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/615,261, filed Nov. 9, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,062,312, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/495, 971, filed Jul. 28, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,614,999, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/939,191, filed Sep. 10, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,691,052, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/774,826, filed Feb. 9, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,691,050, and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/774,842, filed Feb. 9, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,540, both of which are continuations of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/015,114, filed Nov. 12, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,752,814, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/023,965, filed Feb. 13, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,080, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/038,171, filed Feb. 13, 1997, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.The present invention relates to devices and methods for treating incontinence.The present invention relates to methods and devices for improving urinary incontinence. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and devices for creating a cavity near the urethral floor, methods and devices for placement of a urethral sling or other device in such a cavity, and methods and devices for driving bone-piercing guides into and through the pubic ...

POLYMER SOLUTION, FIBER MAT, AND NANOFIBER MEMBRANE-ELECTRODE-ASSEMBLY THEREWITH, AND METHOD OF FABRICATING SAME

In one aspect of the present invention, a fiber mat is provided. The fiber mat includes at least one type of fibers, which includes one or more polymers. The fiber mat may be a single fiber mat which includes one type of fibers, or may be a dual or multi fiber mat which includes multiple types of fibers. The fibers may further include particles of a catalyst. The fiber mat may be used to form an electrode or a membrane. In a further aspect, a fuel cell membrane-electrode-assembly has an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and a membrane disposed between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. Each of the anode electrode, the cathode electrode and the membrane may be formed with a fiber mat. 1. An article of manufacture , comprising:a fiber mat, comprising at least one type of fibers, wherein the at least one type of fibers comprises one or more polymers.2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the fiber mat is a single fiber mat comprising one type of fibers claim 1 , wherein the one type of fibers comprises the one or more polymers.3. The article of claim 2 , wherein the one type of fibers further comprises a plurality of particles of a catalyst.4. The article of claim 3 , wherein the catalyst comprises platinum (Pt) particles claim 3 , Pt alloy particles claim 3 , Pt on carbon particles claim 3 , precious metal particles claim 3 , precious metal on carbon particles claim 3 , precious metal based alloys claim 3 , precious metal based alloys on carbon particles claim 3 , silver (Ag) particles claim 3 , nickel (Ni) particles claim 3 , Ag alloy particles claim 3 , Ni alloy particles claim 3 , iron (Fe) particles claim 3 , Fe alloy particles claim 3 , palladium (Pd) particles claim 3 , Pd alloy particles claim 3 , core-shell catalyst particles claim 3 , non-platinum group metal (PGM) fuel cell catalysts claim 3 , or a combination thereof.5. The article of claim 3 , wherein at least one of the one or more polymers serves as a polymer binder.6. The article of claim 5 ...

INKS FOR NANOFIBER FUEL CELL ELECTRODE AND MEMBRANE-ELECTRODE-ASSEMBLIES, AND METHODS OF INK FORMULATIONS

An ink for forming nanofiber fuel cell electrodes, and methods of ink formulations, and membrane-electrode-assemblies for electrochemical devices. The ink includes a first amount of a catalyst, a second amount of an ionomer in a salt form, and a third amount of a carrier polymer dispersed in one or more solvents, where a weight ratio of the first amount to the second and third amounts is in a range of about 1-1.5, and a weight ratio of the second amount to the third amount is in a range of about 1-3. The ink has a solids concentration in a range of about 1-30 wt %. Preferably, the solids concentration is in a range of about 10-15%. 1. An ink usable for forming a fiber electrode for an electrochemical device , comprising:a first amount of a catalyst, a second amount of an ionomer in a salt form, and a third amount of a carrier polymer dispersed in one or more solvents.2. The ink of wherein a weight ratio of the first catalyst amount to the second ionomer plus third carrier amounts is in a range of about 1-1.5 claim 1 , and a weight ratio of the second ionomer amount to the third carrier amount is in a range of about 1-3 claim 1 , and wherein the ink has a solids concentration in a range of about 1-30 wt %.3. The ink of claim 1 , wherein the solids concentration is preferably in a range of about 10-15%.4. The ink of claim 1 , wherein the at least one solvent comprises water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) with a solvent weigh ratio being 1:1 water:IPA claim 1 , or water claim 1 , methanol and n-propanol with a solvent weigh ratio being 2:1:1 water:methanol:n-propanol.5. The ink of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises a supported metal powder having a metal on a support claim 1 , wherein the support comprises carbon claim 1 , graphite claim 1 , silica claim 1 , alumina claim 1 , titania claim 1 , or an oxide material claim 1 , and the metal comprises platinum (Pt) particles claim 1 , Pt alloy particles claim 1 , silver (Ag) particles claim 1 , Ag alloy particles claim ...

Composite membranes, methods of making same, and applications of same

In one aspect of the present invention, a method of fabricating a composite membrane includes: forming a first polymer solution from a first polymer and a second polymer solution from a second polymer, respectively, where the first polymer includes a charged polymer and the second polymer includes an uncharged polymer; electrospinning, separately and simultaneously, the first and second polymer solutions to form a dual fiber mat with first polymer fibers and second polymer fibers; and processing the dual fiber mat by softening and flowing one of the first or second polymer fibers to fill in the void space between the other of the first and second polymer fibers so as to form the composite membrane. In some embodiments, the composite membrane may be a proton exchange membrane (PEM) or an anion exchange membrane (AEM).

NANOFIBER MATS, MAKING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF SAME

A method of forming a membrane-electrode-assembly (MEA) for an electrochemical device. The method includes providing a first solution formed by mixing a Pt/C catalyst, Nafion® and PVDF, and a second solution formed by mixing Pt/C catalyst, Nafion® and PPA; electrospinning respectively the first solution and the second solution to form a first nanofiber mat and a second nanofiber mat; pressing the first nanofiber mat and the second nanofiber mat on opposite sides of a polymer electrolyte membrane to form a catalyst coated membrane (CCM); and pressing a carbon gas diffusion layer on each of the cathode and the anode of the CCM to form the MEA. 1. A method of forming a membrane-electrode-assembly (MEA) for an electrochemical device , comprising:providing a first solution and a second solution, wherein the first solution comprises a first catalyst, at least one first charged polymer, and at least one first uncharged polymer, and wherein the second solution comprises a second catalyst, at least one second charged polymer, and at least one second functional polymer;electro spinning the first solution and the second solution to form a first nanofiber mat and a second nanofiber mat, respectively;providing a membrane having a first side and an opposite, second side;pressing the first nanofiber mat on the first side of the membrane as a cathode, and pressing the second nanofiber mat on the second side of the membrane as an anode, so as to form a catalyst coated membrane (CCM); andprocessing the CCM to form the MEA.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first solution further comprises as least one first functional polymer to assist electro spinning of the first solution claim 1 , or to improve at least one property of the cathode.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first catalyst and the second catalyst is a platinum/carbon (Pt/C) catalyst or a Pt-alloy catalyst.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the first solution and the second solution is ...

COMPOSITE FIBER ELECTRODES AND APPLICATIONS OF SAME

A composite electrode includes two or more types of fibers forming a fiber network, comprising at least a first type of fibers and a second type of fibers. The first type of fibers comprises a first polymer and a first type of particles. The second type of fibers comprises a second polymer and a second type of particles. The second polymer is same as or different from the first polymer. The second type of particles are same as or different from the first type of particles. 1. A composite electrode , comprising:two or more types of fibers forming a fiber network, comprising at least a first type of fibers and a second type of fibers,wherein the first type of fibers comprises a first polymer and a first type of particles; and the second type of fibers comprises a second polymer and a second type of particles; andwherein the second polymer is same as or different from the first polymer, and the second type of particles are same as or different from the first type of particles.2. The composite electrode of claim 1 , wherein each of the first polymer and the second polymer comprises polyacrylic acid (PAA) claim 1 , polyamide-imide (PAI) claim 1 , polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) claim 1 , or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) claim 1 , polyethylene oxide (PEO)3. The composite electrode of claim 1 , wherein each of the first type of particles and the second type of particles comprises electrochemically active particles claim 1 , or electrically conductive particles.4. The composite electrode of claim 3 , wherein the electrochemically active particles comprise silicon (Si) particles claim 3 , Si nanoparticles claim 3 , Si nanowires claim 3 , Si-carbon particles claim 3 , titania particles claim 3 , and/or precious metal or non-precious metal catalysts particles on non-conductive supports including titania or alumina claim 3 , and wherein the electrically conductive particles comprise carbon particles claim 3 , graphite particles claim 3 , carbon black particles claim 3 , carbon ...

DUAL FIBER ELECTRODE MATS FOR BATTERIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SAME

A dual fiber mat for making an electrode includes first nanofibers and second nanofibers. The first fibers contain particles for electrochemical reaction and a binder. The second fibers contain particles for electron conduction and a binder. For a Li-ion battery anode, the first fibers include a polymer binder composed of an electron conducting polyfluorene derivative polymer (PFM or PEFM) or PVDF or PAA and silicon nanoparticles or silicon nanorods embedded in the binder. For a Li-ion battery cathode, the first fibers include a binder composed of an electron conducting polymer (PFM or PEFM) or PAA or PVDF and LiCoO2 or LiFePO4 or Li2MnO3 particles embedded in the binder. The second nanofibers include a PFM or PEFM binder or non-conductive polymer binder and electrically conductive nanoparticles embedded in the binder. The dual fiber mat has a thickness in a range of about 50-1000 μm. 1. A multiple fiber mat for making an electrode , comprising:a first type of nanofibers comprising an electrically conductive nanoparticles embedded in a polymer binder; andone or more types of nanofibers comprising one or more electrochemically active nanoparticles with one or more polymer binders,where the one or more types of nanofibers and the first type of nanofiber are distinguishable in terms of particle/polymer compositions.2. The multiple fiber mat of claim 1 , wherein the multiple fiber mat has a thickness of about 5-1000 μm.3. The multiple fiber mat of claim 1 , wherein the multiple fiber mat is a dual fiber mat composed of two different types of fibers claim 1 , and the dual fiber mat comprises:the first type of type of nanofibers, comprising a polyfluorene derivative polymer (PFM or PEFM) and silicon nanoparticles embedded in the PFM or PEFM; anda second type of nanofibers, comprising a non-conductive polymer binder and electrically conductive nanoparticles embedded in the non-conductive polymer binder.4. The dual fiber mat of claim 3 , wherein the dual fiber mat has a ...

Nanofiber electrodes, fabricating methods and applications of same

Nanofiber electrodes for electrochemical devices and fabricating methods of the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes forming a liquid mixture containing a catalyst, a first polymer of perfluoro sulfonic acid and a second polymer of polyethylene oxide, the first polymer of perfluoro sulfonic acid being pre-treated to remove protons in the first polymer by exchange with a cation species like Na+; and electro spinning the liquid mixture to generate electro spun fibers and deposit the generated fibers on a collector substrate to form a fiber electrode mat comprising a network of fibers, where each fiber has a plurality of particles of the catalyst distributed thereon.

COMPOSITE MEMBRANES, METHODS OF MAKING SAME, AND APPLICATIONS OF SAME

A method of fabricating a composite membrane, includes the steps of: forming a first solution comprising a charged polymer and a first uncharged polymer having a repeat unit of a formula of: 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the charged polymer is selected from perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer and perfluoro imide acid (PFIA) polymer.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the charged polymer is selected from Nafion® and Aquivion®.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of X and Y is fluoride claim 1 , and the first uncharged polymer is polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) or a copolymer of PVDF.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein X is hydrogen group claim 1 , Y is a carboxylic acid group claim 1 , and the first uncharged polymer is poly(acrylic acid) (PAA).6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second uncharged polymer is polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) or polyphenylsulsulfone (PPSU).7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of processing the dual fiber mat to form the composite membrane comprises:compressing the dual fiber mat; andexposing the dual fiber mat to solvent vapor to soften and flow at least one of the first polymer fibers and the second polymer fibers to fill void space on the dual fiber mat.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the step of exposing the dual fiber mat to solvent vapor to soften and flow at least one of the first polymer fibers and the second polymer fibers further comprises:thermal annealing the dual fiber mat.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of processing the dual fiber mat to form the composite membrane comprises:compressing the dual fiber mat; andheating to anneal the dual fiber mat, and flowing at least one of the first polymer fibers and the second polymer fibers to fill void space on the dual fiber mat.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of processing the dual fiber mat to form the composite membrane comprises crosslinking the charged polymer and the first uncharged polymer in the first polymer fibers of the dual ...

Tortionally Stiff, Thermally Isolating Shaft Coupling with Multiple Degrees of Freedom to Accommodate Misalignment

A coupling arrangement coupling and thermally isolating a continuously variable electrical actuator rotationally coupled to and from a butterfly valve is provided. The valve may be used to modulate high temperature exhaust gas flow through an engine turbocharger. The actuator provides a continuously variable control of the valve. The coupling arrangement provides a thermal block to reduce heat transfer and vibration insulation between the actuator and the valve. The coupling arrangement generally includes a coupling shaft rotationally coupled at opposite ends to the input and output shafts by torsion spring mechanisms. The torsion spring mechanisms include yokes rotationally locking the coupling shaft to the input and output shafts. The torsion spring mechanisms allow a limited range of axial and pivotal translation between the coupling shaft and the input and output shafts and are preloaded to prevent rotational hysteresis in the valve.

Device for maintaining urinary continence

A prosthetic device (10, 110, 210, 310) for controlling urinary continence is disclosed. The device (10, 110, 210, 310) has an opening pressure that varies in response to changes in physiologic parameters. The device (10, 110, 210, 310) can be controlled by the patient voluntarily without manual intervention. An introducer (580) for transurethrally introducing the device (10, 110, 210, 310) is also disclosed. In addition, a nonsurgical or minimally invasive method of positioning the device (10, 110, 210, 310) for maintaining urinary continence is disclosed.

Continuously variable electrically actuated flow control valve for high temperature applications

A continuously variable electrical actuator rotationally coupled to and thermally isolated from a butterfly valve. The butterfly valve may be used to modulate high temperature exhaust gas flow through an engine turbocharger. An electrical actuator provides a continuously variable output to an output shaft. The butterfly valve has its rotary position controlled by an input shaft. The input shaft and output shaft are rotationally coupled through minimum contact points to reduce heat transfer. The connection between input and output shafts also minimizes vibration transfer therebetween. An coupling tube coaxially interposed between the input and output shafts provides a thermal block to further reduce heat transfer. The input and outputs shafts are rotationally coupled to the intermediate shaft by torsion spring mechanisms to allow a limited range of axial translation for the input shaft. The torsion spring mechanisms are preloaded to prevent rotational hysteresis in the butterfly valve.

Tortionally stiff, thermally isolating shaft coupling with multiple degrees of freedom to accommodate misalignment

A coupling arrangement coupling and thermally isolating a continuously variable electrical actuator rotationally coupled to and from a butterfly valve is provided. The valve may be used to modulate high temperature exhaust gas flow through an engine turbocharger. The actuator provides a continuously variable control of the valve. The coupling arrangement provides a thermal block to reduce heat transfer and vibration insulation between the actuator and the valve. The coupling arrangement generally includes a coupling shaft rotationally coupled at opposite ends to the input and output shafts by torsion spring mechanisms. The torsion spring mechanisms include yokes rotationally locking the coupling shaft to the input and output shafts. The torsion spring mechanisms allow a limited range of axial and pivotal translation between the coupling shaft and the input and output shafts and are preloaded to prevent rotational hysteresis in the valve.

Tortionally stiff, thermally isolating shaft coupling with multiple degrees of freedom to accommodate misalignment

Tortionally stiff, thermally isolating shaft coupling with multiple degrees of freedom to accommodate misalignment

A coupling arrangement coupling and thermally isolating a continuously variable electrical actuator rotationally coupled to and from a butterfly valve is provided. The valve may be used to modulate high temperature exhaust gas flow through an engine turbocharger. The actuator provides a continuously variable control of the valve. The coupling arrangement provides a thermal block to reduce heat transfer and vibration insulation between the actuator and the valve. The coupling arrangement generally includes a coupling shaft rotationally coupled at opposite ends to the input and output shafts by torsion spring mechanisms. The torsion spring mechanisms include yokes rotationally locking the coupling shaft to the input and output shafts. The torsion spring mechanisms allow a limited range of axial and pivotal translation between the coupling shaft and the input and output shafts and are preloaded to prevent rotational hysteresis in the valve.

Percutaneous and hiatal devices and methods for use in minimally invasive pelvic surgery

Devices and methods relating to percutaneous and hiatal approaches for treating urinary incontinence are provided herein. In particular, guide member placement devices (10, 1910), sling application catheters (210, 310, 410), tissue dissectors/dilators (510, 610), sling application devices and a sling application system, tissue expanders (1710), grasping devices (1810), and balloon catheters (536, 1536, 1636) are disclosed herein. Methods for using the preceding devices to stabilize the bladder neck or the urethral floor in order to maintain or improve urinary continence are also disclosed.

High vapor pressure attenuation device

Disclosed herein is an attenuation device, comprising a flexible housing and a high vapor pressure media having a vapor pressure approximately equal to the intravesical pressure of the bladder and a permeability of less than 1 ml/day at body temperature through the outer wall of the flexible housing. In one embodiment, the high vapor pressure media comprises perfluorooctylbromide. In another embodiment, the high vapor pressure media comprises perfluorohexane. In yet another embodiment, the high vapor pressure media comprises perfluorodecalin. Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a patient, comprising providing a compressible attenuation device and introducing within the attenuation device at least one high vapor pressure media.

Nanofiber electrode and method of forming same

Porous nano-fiber mats to reinforce proton conducting membranes for PEM applications

A method of manufacturing a proton conducting fuel cell composite membrane includes the step of electrospinning a non-charged polymeric material, such as PVDF and PSF, into fiber mats. The fibers are fused to one another to provide a welded porous mat. The welded porous mat is filled with proton conducting electrolyte, such as PFSA polymer, to generate a proton conducting composite membrane. The resulting proton conducting fuel cell membrane comprises a randomly oriented, three dimensional interlinked fiber lattice structure filled with proton conducting electrolyte, such as PFSA polymer.

Polymer solution, fiber mat, and nanofiber membrane-electrode-assembly therewith, and method of fabricating same

In one aspect of the present invention, a fiber mat is provided. The fiber mat includes at least one type of fibers, which includes one or more polymers. The fiber mat may be a single fiber mat which includes one type of fibers, or may be a dual or multi fiber mat which includes multiple types of fibers. The fibers may further include particles of a catalyst. The fiber mat may be used to form an electrode or a membrane. In a further aspect, a fuel cell membrane-electrode-assembly has an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and a membrane disposed between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode. Each of the anode electrode, the cathode electrode and the membrane may be formed with a fiber mat.

Proton exchange membrane for a fuel cell

Protonenaustauschmembran-Material, umfassend: ein Polymer mit einem Polyphosphazen-Rückgrat; eine polyaromatische funktionelle Gruppe, die mit dem Polyphosphazen-Rückgrat als polyaromatische Seitenkette verbunden ist; eine nicht polyaromatische funktionelle Gruppe, die mit dem Polyphosphazen-Rückgrat als nicht polyaromatische Seitenkette verbunden ist; und eine saure funktionelle Gruppe, die mit der nicht polyaromatischen Seitenkette zum Bereitstellen von Protonenaustausch-Eigenschaften verbunden ist. A proton exchange membrane material comprising: a polymer having a polyphosphazene backbone; a polyaromatic functional group linked to the polyphosphazene backbone as a polyaromatic side chain; a non-polyaromatic functional group linked to the polyphosphazene backbone as a non-polyaromatic side chain; and an acidic functional group linked to the non-polyaromatic side chain to provide proton exchange properties.

Dilator for minimally invasive pelvic surgery

The invention provides a driver (70) and methods for advancing needles, cannulas (90), and other medical devices through the pubic bone (45). The driver (70) may be used in connection with a driver frame assembly (100) for proper positioning and stabilization of the driver (70), and with other devices for creating a cavity in the urethral floor and for positioning medical devices therein. The invention also provides simple connections (126) for attaching a suture (88) to a device within the cavity in the urethral floor or in the vagina (4), and also for attaching sutures (88) to the pubic bone (45).

Porous nano-fiber mats to reinforce proton conducting membranes for pem applications

Porous nano-fiber mats to reinforce proton conducting membranes for pem applications

A method of manufacturing a proton conducting fuel cell composite membrane includes the step of electrospinning a non-charged polymeric material, such as PVDF and PSF, into fiber mats. The fibers are fused to one another to provide a welded porous mat. The welded porous mat is filled with proton conducting electrolyte, such as PFSA polymer, to generate a proton conducting composite membrane. The resulting proton conducting fuel cell membrane comprises a randomly oriented, three dimensional interlinked fiber lattice structure filled with proton conducting electrolyte, such as PFSA polymer.

Infinitely variable, electrically controlled valve for high temperature applications

Implantable pressure attenuation device

Self-regulating gas generator and method

A self-regulating gas generator that, in response to gas demand, supplies and automatically adjusts the amount of gas (e.g., hydrogen or oxygen) catalytically generated in a chemical supply chamber from an appropriate chemical supply, such as a chemical solution, gas dissolved in liquid, or mixture. In some embodiments, the gas generator may employ a piston, rotating rod, or other element(s) to expose the chemical supply to the catalyst in controlled amounts. In another embodiment, the self-regulating gas generator uses bang-bang control, with the element(s) exposing a catalyst, contained within the chemical supply chamber, to the chemical supply in ON and OFF states according to a self-adjusting duty cycle, thereby generating and outputting the gas in an orientation-independent manner. The gas generator may be used to provide gas for various gas consuming devices, such as a fuel cell, torch, or oxygen respiratory devices.

Electrolytes to enhance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the cathode layer of PEM fuel cell

Improved polymer-based materials are described, for example for use as an electrode binder in a fuel cell. A fuel cell according to an example of the present invention comprises a first electrode including a catalyst and an electrode binder, a second electrode, and an electrolyte located between the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrolyte may be a proton-exchange membrane (PEM). The electrode binder includes one or more polymers, such as a polyphosphazene.

Percutaneous and hiatal devices and methods for use in minimally invasive pelvic surgery

A device is provided for treatment of female urinary incontinence, which can be used as part of a sling application system. The device comprises a handle (2012) connected to a shaft (2014), the shaft preferably including an engaging member near its distal end. The device includes a sling (1418) having an attachment member at one end for connection to the distal end of the shaft (2014). In this manner, the shaft (2014) is preferably connectable via a suture (1428) to the sling (1418).

Method of treating benign hypertrophy of the prostate

Disclosed herein are methods of treating a patient with benign hypertrophy of the prostate, comprising providing a compressible attenuation device that is moveable from a first, introduction configuration to a second, implanted configuration and attenuating a pressure change within the bladder by reversibly changing the volume of the attenuation device in response to the pressure change. In one embodiment, the attenuation device is advanced transurethrally into the bladder. In another embodiment, the attenuation device is positioned within the bladder to inhibit a decrease in compliance of the bladder wall as a consequence of the benign hypertrophy of the prostate.

Dilator for minimally invasive pelvic surgery

A quick-connect suture fastener is provided for fastening suture to a bone. The fastener includes a sleeve (172) with at least to openings (174) adapted to allow passage of a suture at least partially. The sleeve (172) is further adapted for insertion into a bone and includes an inner surface (180) for frictionally contacting with a sleeve plug (178). The at least one sleeve and sleeve plug comprise distortable material that prevents retrograde passage and disengagement of the sleeve plug (178) from the inner surface (180) of the sleeve (172).

Devices for minimally invasive pelvic surgery

The invention, in various embodiments, provides systems, devices, and methods for treating urinary incontinence.

Percutaneous and hiatal devices and methods for use in minimally invasive pelvicsurgery

Method and apparatus for minimally invasive pelvic surgery

The invention provides a driver (70) and methods for advancing needles, cannulas (90), and other medical devices through the pubic bone (45). The driver (70) may be used in connection with a driver frame assembly (100) for proper positioning and stabilization of the driver (70), and with other devices for creating a cavity in the urethral floor and for positioning medical devices therein. The invention also provides simple connections (126) for attaching a suture (88) to a device within the cavity in the urethral floor or in the vagina (4), and also for attaching sutures (88) to the pubic bone (45).

Method and system for measuring leak point pressure in a bladder

Measurement of a patient's leak point pressure in the bladder can be taken by a processor in communication with a pressure catheter in the bladder. When leakage occurs pressure data points can be recorded. In some embodiments, the peak pressure can be determined based on pressure data points measured during a set time just before receiving a clinician input indicative that leakage has occurred.

Percutaneous and hiatal devices and methods for use in minimally invasive pelvic surgery

Devices and methods relating to percutaneous and hiatal approaches for treating urinary incontinence are provided herein. In particular, guide member placement devices (10, 1910), sling application catheters (210, 310, 410), tissue dissectors/dilators (510, 610), sling application devices and a sling application system, tissue expanders (1710), grasping devices (1810), and balloon catheters (536, 1536, 1636) are disclosed herein. Methods for using the preceding devices to stabilize the bladder neck or the urethral floor in order to maintain or improve urinary continence are also disclosed.

Radial bearing device

A bearing device for supporting a shaft to rotate relative to an outer hub includes: an annular outer race mountable within an interior bore of the hub, the outer race including an inwardly facing radial groove sized to receive a rounded bearing element; and an annular inner race mountable to an outwardly curved exterior surface of the shaft. The inner race includes an outwardly facing radial groove sized to receive the bearing element, the respective radial grooves of the inner and outer races together forming an annular raceway to retain the bearing element when the bearing device is assembled. The inner race further includes an axially convex surface along an innermost diameter of the inner race, the convex surface shaped to directly engage the exterior surface of the shaft when mounted thereto, such that the inner race remains in contact with the shaft while accommodating radial deflection of the shaft.

Method and apparatus for minimally invasive pelvic surgery

The invention provides a driver (70) and methods for advancing needles, cannulas (90), and other medical devices through the pubic bone (45). The driver (70) may be used in connection with a driver frame assembly (100) for proper positioning and stabilization of the driver (70), and with other devices for creating a cavity in the urethral floor and for positioning medical devices therein. The invention also provides simple connections (126) for attaching a suture (88) to a device within the cavity in the urethral floor or in the vagina (4), and also for attaching sutures (88) to the pubic bone (45).

Self-regulating gas generator and method

A self-regulating gas generator that, in response to gas demand, supplies and automatically adjusts the amount of gas (e.g., hydrogen or oxygen) catalytically generated in a chemical supply chamber from an appropriate chemical supply, such as a chemical solution, gas dissolved in liquid, or mixture. The gas generator may employ a piston, rotating rod, or other element(s) to expose the chemical supply to the catalyst in controlled amounts. The gas generator may be used to provide gas for various gas consuming devices, such as a fuel cell, torch, or oxygen respiratory devices.

Method and apparatus for minimally invasive pelvic surgery

The invention provides a driver and methods for advancing needles, cannulas, and other medical devices through the pubic bone. The driver may be used in connection with a driver frame assembly for proper positioning and stabilization of the driver, and with other devices for creating a cavity in the urethral floor and for positioning medical devices therein. The invention also provides simple connections for attaching a suture to a device within the cavity in the urethral floor or in the vagina, and also for attaching sutures to the pubic bone.

Nanofiber electrode and method of forming same

In one aspect, a method of forming an electrode for an electrochemical device is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of mixing at least a first amount of a catalyst and a second amount of an ionomer or uncharged polymer to form a solution and delivering the solution into a metallic needle having a needle tip. The method further includes the steps of applying a voltage between the needle tip and a collector substrate positioned at a distance from the needle tip, and extruding the solution from the needle tip at a flow rate such as to generate electrospun fibers and deposit the generated fibers on the collector substrate to form a mat with a porous network of fibers. Each fiber in the porous network of the mat has distributed particles of the catalyst. The method also includes the step of pressing the mat onto a membrane.

Device for maintaining urinary continence

A prosthetic device for controlling urinary continence is disclosed. The device has an opening pressure that varies in response to changes in physiologic parameters. The device can be controlled by the patient voluntarily without manual intervention. A nonsurgical method of maintaining urinary continence is also disclosed.

Attenuation device for treating glaucoma

Disclosed herein is an attenuation device, comprising a flexible housing and a high vapor pressure media having a permeability of less than 1 ml/day at body temperature through the outer wall of the flexible housing. In one embodiment, the high vapor pressure media comprises perfluorooctylbromide. In another embodiment, the high vapor pressure media comprises perfluorohexane. In yet another embodiment, the high vapor pressure media comprises perfluorodecalin. Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a patient, comprising providing a compressible attenuation device and introducing within the attenuation device at least one high vapor pressure media.

Implantable pressure attenuation device

Nanofiber mats, making methods and applications of same

A method of forming a membrane-electrode-assembly (MEA) for an electrochemical device. The method includes providing a first solution formed by mixing a Pt/C catalyst, Nafion® and PVDF, and a second solution formed by mixing Pt/C catalyst, Nafion® and PPA; electrospinning respectively the first solution and the second solution to form a first nanofiber mat and a second nanofiber mat; pressing the first nanofiber mat and the second nanofiber mat on opposite sides of a polymer electrolyte membrane to form a catalyst coated membrane (CCM); and pressing a carbon gas diffusion layer on each of the cathode and the anode of the CCM to form the MEA.

Stufenlos regelbares, elektrisch gesteuertes ventil für hochtemperaturanwendungen

Composite fiber inks and electrodes and applications of same

An ink and electrodes fabricated with the ink. The ink includes a dispersion of fibers in at least one solvent. Said fibers have one or more fiber types, where at least one type of said fibers comprises at least one catalyst for an electrochemical reaction and at least one binder polymer.

Nanofiber electrodes, fabricating methods and applications of same

Nanofiber electrodes for electrochemical devices and fabricating methods of the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes forming a liquid mixture containing a catalyst, a first polymer of perfluoro sulfonic acid and a second polymer of polyethylene oxide, the first polymer of perfluoro sulfonic acid being pre-treated to remove protons in the first polymer by exchange with a cation species like Na+; and electrospinning the liquid mixture to generate electro spun fibers and deposit the generated fibers on a collector substrate to form a fiber electrode mat comprising a network of fibers, where each fiber has a plurality of particles of the catalyst distributed thereon.

Synthesis of a low trans-content edible oil, non-edible oil or fatty acid in a solid polymer electrolyte reactor

An electrochemical process for hydrogenating an unsaturated fatty acid, mixtures of two or more fatty acids, or the unsaturated fatty acid constituents of an edible or non-edible oil's triglycerides is performed using a solid polymer electrolyte reactor. Membrane electrode assemblies consist of a cation exchange membrane onto which porous anode and cathode electrodes are attached. As the electrodes are permeable, reactant and products enter and leave the membrane/cathode and membrane/anode reaction zones via the back sides of the electrodes. Hydrogen is generated in situ by the electro-reduction of protons that are formed at the anode and which migrate through the ion exchange membrane for reaction with the fifty acids or fatty acid constituents. In the disclosed process, only protons (H+ ions) carry the current between the anode and the cathode. The need for a supporting electrolyte to conduct electricity has been circumvented. The disclosed process operates at a low to moderate temperature at atmospheric or moderate pressure without the use of a supporting electrolyte that will contaminate the oil. A novel partially hydrogenated oil product selected from the group consisting of a partially hydrogenated fatty acid, a partially hydrogenated triglyceride, and mixtures thereof is produced by the disclosed process. The product produced from the disclosed process has: a trans-isomer content lower than that of a similarly hydrogenated oil product formed in a high temperature chemical catalytic reaction process; a peroxide value of less than about 1.5%; free fatty acid content of less than about 0.02%; and, improved purity.

Synthese von essbarem öl, nichtessbarem öl oder fettsäure mit niedrigem transgehalt in einem festpolymerelektrolyreaktor

Synthesis of a low trans-content edible oil, non-edible oil or fatty acid in a solid polymer electrolyte reactor

An electrochemical catalytic process for hydrogenating an unsaturated fatty acid, mixtures of two or more fatty acids having different degrees of unsaturation, or the unsaturated fatty acid constituents of an edible or non-edible oil's triglycerides is performed using a solid polymer electrolyte reactor. The anode and cathode catalyst materials are used to fabricate membrane electrode assemblies consisting of a cation exchange membrane onto which porous anode and cathode electrodes are attached. As the electrodes are permeable, reactant and products enter and leave the membrane/cathode and membrane/anode reaction zones via the back sides of the electrodes. During the electrochemical oil hydrogenation process, hydrogen is generated in situ by the electroreduction of protons that are formed at the anode and which migrate through the ion exchange membrane for reaction with the unsaturated fatty acids. A novel partially hydrogenated oil product selected from the group consisting of a partially hydrogenated fatty acid, a partially hydrogenated triglyceride, or mixtures thereof is produced by the disclosed process.

Synthese von essbarem öl, nichtessbarem öl oder fettsäure mit niedrigem transgehalt in einem festpolymerelektrolyreaktor

Novel electrolytes for fuel cell electrodes

Improved polymer-based materials are described, for example for use as an electrode binder in a fuel cell. A fuel cell according to an example of the present invention comprises a first electrode including a catalyst and an electrode binder, a second electrode, and an electrolyte located between the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrolyte may be a proton-exchange membrane (PEM). The electrode binder includes one or more polymers, such as a polyphosphazene.

Gelating dessert composition

Composite fiber inks and electrodes and applications of same

An ink and electrodes fabricated with the ink. The ink includes a dispersion of fibers in at least one solvent. Said fibers have one or more fiber types, where at least one type of said fibers comprises at least one catalyst for an electrochemical reaction and at least one binder polymer.

Inks for nanofiber fuel cell electrode and membrane-electrode-assemblies, and methods of ink formulations

An ink for forming nanofiber fuel cell electrodes, and methods of ink formulations, and membrane-electrode-assemblies for electrochemical devices. The ink includes a first amount of a catalyst, a second amount of an ionomer in a salt form, and a third amount of a carrier polymer dispersed in one or more solvents, where a weight ratio of the first amount to the second and third amounts is in a range of about 1-1.5, and a weight ratio of the second amount to the third amount is in a range of about 1-3. The ink has a solids concentration in a range of about 1-30 wt %. Preferably, the solids concentration is in a range of about 10-15%.

Nanofiber electrode and method of forming same

In one aspect, a method of forming an electrode for an electrochemical device is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of mixing at least a first amount of a catalyst and a second amount of an ionomer or uncharged polymer to form a solution and delivering the solution into a metallic needle having a needle tip. The method further includes the steps of applying a voltage between the needle tip and a collector substrate positioned at a distance from the needle tip, and extruding the solution from the needle tip at a flow rate such as to generate electrospun fibers and deposit the generated fibers on the collector substrate to form a mat with a porous network of fibers. Each fiber in the porous network of the mat has distributed particles of the catalyst. The method also includes the step of pressing the mat onto a membrane.

Nanofiber membrane-electrode-assembly and method of fabricating same

In one aspect of the present invention, a method of fabricating a fuel cell membrane-electrode-assembly (MEA) having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and a membrane disposed between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, includes fabricating each of the anode electrode, the cathode electrode, and the membrane separately by electrospinning; and placing the membrane between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, and pressing then together to form the fuel cell MEA.

Method of removing an inflated implant from a bladder

An inflated implant, such as an attenuation device, previously implanted in a urinary bladder can later be removed according to a number of different methods. Preferably, removal is accomplished transurethrally. Removal can be accomplished by reducing the inflated implant from an enlarged profile to a reduced profile so that it may be withdrawn transurethrally by a removal system. The removal system can be configured differently depending upon whether reduction from the enlarged profile to the reduced profile is accomplished by deflation, compression, and/or other ways.