SPRAY DRYER WITH IMPROVED EXHAUST GAS FILTRATION SYSTEM

A spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. The filter element housing comprises a plurality of cylindrical filter elements supported from a wall of an exhaust chamber that communicates with an exhaust gas outlet of the filter element housing. In one embodiment, the filter element housing includes an inner downwardly opening cylindrical shroud surrounding the filter elements which defines an outer annular powder and drying gas passageway communicating with the powder collection chamber, and the exhaust chamber is defined by a downwardly opening conical plenum having an outer conical surface for directing drying gas and powder about the shroud into the powder collection chamber. Filter elements each have a respective reverse gas pulse cleaning device. 1. A spray dryer for drying liquid into powder comprising:an elongated body supported in upright position;a closure arrangement at opposite upper and lower ends of the elongated body for forming a drying chamber within said elongated body;a spray nozzle assembly supported in said upper end closure arrangement;said spray nozzle assembly including a nozzle body having a liquid inlet for coupling to a supply of liquid and a discharge spray tip assembly at a downstream end for directing liquid to be dried into said drying chamber;said upper end closure arrangement having a drying gas inlet for introducing drying gas into said drying chamber for drying liquid directed into the drying chamber into powder;said closure arrangement at the lower end of said elongated body including powder collection chamber for collecting powder dried in said drying zone and a filter housing having an exhaust gas outlet for filtering drying gas borne powder from drying gas exiting the powder collection chamber through said filter element housing and ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SPRAY DRYING

An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non-metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage. 1. An electrostatic spray drying system for drying liquid into powder comprising:an elongated structural body supported in upright position;a closure arrangement at opposite upper and lower ends of the elongated body for forming a drying chamber within said elongated body;a non-structural non-metallic liner disposed within said elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface of the elongated body for defining an internal drying zone within said elongated body;one of said closure arrangements including a drying gas inlet for coupling to a drying gas source and for directing drying gas into said drying zone;an electrostatic spray nozzle assembly supported in one of the closure arrangements;said electrostatic spray nozzle assembly including a nozzle body having a discharge spray tip assembly at a downstream end thereof for directing liquid to be dried into said drying zone;said electrostatic spray nozzle assembly having a liquid inlet for coupling to a supply of liquid to be discharged into the drying zone and an electrode for coupling to ...

MODULAR SPRAY DRYER SYSTEM

A spray drying system for drying liquid into powder including a plurality of processing towers each including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. The powder collection chamber of each processing tower being configured to discharge power to a common conveyor system. 1. A spray drying system for drying liquid into powder comprising: an elongated body supported in an upright position;', 'a closure arrangement at opposite upper and lower ends of the elongated body for forming a drying chamber within said elongated body;', 'a liner disposed within said elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface of the elongated body for defining an internal drying zone with said elongated body;', 'one of said closure arrangements including a drying gas inlet for coupling to a drying gas source and for directing drying gas into said drying zone;', 'an electrostatic spray nozzle assembly supported in one of the closure arrangements;', 'said electrostatic spray nozzle assembly including a nozzle body having a liquid inlet for coupling to a supply of liquid, a discharge spray tip assembly at a downstream end for directing liquid to be dried into said drying zone and an electrode for coupling to an electrical source for electrically charging liquid passing through said spray nozzle assembly into said drying zone; and', 'said lower end closure arrangement including a powder collection chamber for collecting powder dried in said drying zone; and, 'a plurality of processing towers, each processing tower comprisinga common conveyor system wherein said powder collection chamber of each processing tower is configured to discharge powder to the common conveyor system.2. The spray drying system of wherein a plurality of said electrostatic nozzle assemblies are supported in the closure member at the upper end of the elongated body of each processing tower.3. The ...

ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY DRYER APPARATUS AND METHOD

An electrostatic spray drying system comprising an electrostatic spray nozzle for directing electrically charged liquid into a drying chamber, a drying gas inlet from which drying gas is simultaneously directed, and a conical powder direction plenum for receiving drying gas and entrained dried powder for direction to a filter containing powder separation plenum via a connecting conduit. The powder direction plenum and connecting conduit each have a surrounding water jacket heat exchanger through which cooling water is directed for cooling the drying gas and powder below damaging temperatures prior to entry into the powder separation plenum. The powder separation plenum has a return line for redirecting separated drying gas to the drying chamber through a condenser, blower, and heater for reuse in the system, with condensed water being selectively redirected to the inlet of the powder direction plenum heat exchanger and/or to the cooling water supply.

FLUIDIZED BED SPRAY DRYER SYSTEM

A fluidized bed spray drying system for drying liquid into powder including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. A drying gas inlet is provided in the powder collection chamber and a drying gas outlet is provided at an upper end of the drying chamber. A plurality of cylindrical filter elements at the upper end of the drying chamber are in communication with the exhaust gas outlet for filtering drying gas borne powder from drying gas exiting the drying chamber. 1. A fluidized bed spray drying system for drying liquid into powder comprising:an elongated body supported in an upright position;a closure arrangement at opposite upper and lower ends of the elongated body for forming a drying chamber within said elongated body;a liner disposed within said elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface of the elongated body for defining an internal drying zone with said elongated body;a spray nozzle assembly supported in one of the closure arrangements;said spray nozzle assembly including a nozzle body having a liquid inlet for coupling to a supply of liquid, a discharge spray tip assembly at a downstream end for directing liquid to be dried into said drying zone and an electrode for coupling to an electrical source for electrically charging liquid passing through said spray nozzle assembly into said drying zone;said lower end closure arrangement including a powder collection chamber for collecting powder dried in said drying zone;said powder collection chamber having a drying gas inlet for introducing drying gas into said drying chamber for drying liquid directed into the drying chamber into powder;said upper end closure arrangement having a plurality of filter elements communicating with an exhaust gas outlet for filtering drying gas borne powder from drying gas exiting the drying chamber through said filter elements and the exhaust gas ...

Apparatus and method for spray drying

An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non-metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Modular spray dryer system

A spray drying system for drying liquid into powder including a plurality of processing towers each including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. The powder collection chamber of each processing tower being configured to discharge power to a common conveyor system.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non-metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non-metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

APPARATUS FOR SPRAY DRYING

Un aparato de secado por aspersión para secar un líquido y obtener un polvo que comprende: un cuerpo alargado dispuesto en una posición vertical; una disposición de cierre de extremo superior y una disposición de cierre de extremo inferior en extremos opuestos superior e inferior del cuerpo alargado, respectivamente para formar una cámara de secado en el interior del cuerpo alargado; un conjunto de boquilla aspersora dispuesto en dicho arreglo de cierre de extremo superior; dicho conjunto de boquilla aspersora que incluye un cuerpo de boquilla que posee una entrada de líquido para acoplar un suministro de líquido y un conjunto de punta pulverizadora de descarga en un extremo aguas abajo para dirigir el líquido a ser secado dentro de dicha cámara de secado; dicho montaje de cierre de extremo inferior que incluye un alojamiento para un elemento de filtro en comunicación con una cámara de recolección de polvo dispuesta por debajo de dicho alojamiento para un elemento de filtro que recolecta polvo seco desde dicha cámara de secado; un pleno de dirección de polvo seco para dirigir polvo desde dicha cámara de secado hacia dicha cámara de recolección de polvo, una cámara de gas de escape dispuesta entre dicha cámara de secado y dicho alojamiento para un elemento de filtro que posee una salida de gas de escape; una pluralidad de elementos de filtro cilíndricos posicionados en una posición dependiente desde una pared de fondo de dicha cámara de escape; cada uno de dichos elementos de filtro que está cerrado en un extremo de fondo y posee un extremo opuesto superior abierto en comunicación con dicha cámara de escape de forma tal que un gas de secado que sale de la cámara de recolección de polvo para a través de un lado cilíndrico del elemento de filtro que restringe el avance del polvo transportado por gas de secado que entonces procede hacia fuera del extremo superior abierto dentro de, y a través de, dicha cámara de escape y dicha salida de gas de escape; y cada uno de ...

Apparatus and method for spray drying

An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non-metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Spray dryer with improved exhaust gas filtration system

A spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. The filter element housing comprises a plurality of cylindrical filter elements supported from a wall of an exhaust chamber that communicates with an exhaust gas outlet of the filter element housing. In one embodiment, the filter element housing includes an inner downwardly opening cylindrical shroud surrounding the filter elements which defines an outer annular powder and drying gas passageway communicating with the powder collection chamber, and the exhaust chamber is defined by a downwardly opening conical plenum having an outer conical surface for directing drying gas and powder about the shroud into the powder collection chamber. Filter elements each have a respective reverse gas pulse cleaning device.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

An electrostatic spray dryer for diying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non-metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Apparatus and method for spray drying.

Un secador electrostático por pulverización para secar líquido en polvo que incluye un cuerpo alargado que define una cámara de secado, un ensamble de boquilla de pulverización en un extremo de la cámara de secado y un alojamiento de elemento de filtro y cámara de recolección de polvo en un extremo opuesto. Un forro no metálico no estructural se dispone dentro del cuerpo alargado en relación espaciada con una superficie de pared interior para definir una zona de secado interna. El forro se soporta de forma liberable dentro del cuerpo para permitir la extracción y reemplazo selectivos después de un uso particular. El cuerpo alargado ilustrado tiene una construcción modular que comprende una pluralidad de módulos, con al menos uno pudiéndose retirar y reemplazar selectivamente para alterar la longitud de la cámara de secado para una aplicación de pulverización particular. El forro también es reemplazable con un forro de una longitud correspondiente a la longitud alterada de la cámara de secado o con un diámetro diferente para un uso particular.

DEVICE AND PROCEDURE FOR SPRAY DRYING

Apparatus and method for spray drying.

Un secador electrostático por pulverización para secar líquido en polvo que incluye un cuerpo alargado que define una cámara de secado, un ensamble de boquilla de pulverización en un extremo de la cámara de secado y un alojamiento de elemento de filtro y cámara de recolección de polvo en un extremo opuesto. Un forro no metálico no estructural se dispone dentro del cuerpo alargado en relación espaciada con una superficie de pared interior para definir una zona de secado interna. El forro se soporta de forma liberable dentro del cuerpo para permitir la extracción y reemplazo selectivos después de un uso particular. El cuerpo alargado ilustrado tiene una construcción modular que comprende una pluralidad de módulos, con al menos uno pudiéndose retirar y reemplazar selectivamente para alterar la longitud de la cámara de secado para una aplicación de pulverización particular. El forro también es reemplazable con un forro de una longitud correspondiente a la longitud alterada de la cámara de secado o con un diámetro diferente para un uso particular.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

spray drying system for drying liquid into powder including a plurality of processing towers each including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. The powder collection chamber of each processing tower being configured to discharge powder to a common conveyor system.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

fluidized bed spray drying system for drying liquid into powder including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. A drying gas inlet is provided in the powder collection chamber and a drying gas outlet is provided at an upper end of the drying chamber. A plurality of cylindrical filter elements at the upper end of the drying chamber are in communication with the exhaust gas outlet for filtering drying gas borne powder from drying gas exiting the drying chamber.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

A fluidized bed spray drying system for drying liquid into powder including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. A drying gas inlet is provided in the powder collection chamber and a drying gas outlet is provided at an upper end of the drying chamber. A plurality of cylindrical filter elements at the upper end of the drying chamber are in communication with the exhaust gas outlet for filtering drying gas borne powder from drying gas exiting the drying chamber.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

OF THE DISCLOSURE An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non-metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Aparato y metodo para secado por pulverizacion.

Un secador electrostático por pulverización para secar líquido en polvo que incluye un cuerpo alargado que define una cámara de secado, un ensamble de boquilla de pulverización en un extremo de la cámara de secado y un alojamiento de elemento de filtro y cámara de recolección de polvo en un extremo opuesto. Un forro no metálico no estructural se dispone dentro del cuerpo alargado en relación espaciada con una superficie de pared interior para definir una zona de secado interna. El forro se soporta de forma liberable dentro del cuerpo para permitir la extracción y reemplazo selectivos después de un uso particular. El cuerpo alargado ilustrado tiene una construcción modular que comprende una pluralidad de módulos, con al menos uno pudiéndose retirar y reemplazar selectivamente para alterar la longitud de la cámara de secado para una aplicación de pulverización particular. El forro también es reemplazable con un forro de una longitud correspondiente a la longitud alterada de la cámara de secado o con un diámetro diferente para un uso particular.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

A spray drying system for drying liquid into powder including a plurality of processing towers each including an elongated drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at an upper end of the drying chamber and a powder collection chamber at a lower end of the drying chamber. The powder collection chamber of each processing tower being configured to discharge powder to a common conveyor system.

Aparato y metodo para secado por pulverizacion.

Un secador electrostático por pulverización para secar líquido en polvo que incluye un cuerpo alargado que define una cámara de secado, un ensamble de boquilla de pulverización en un extremo de la cámara de secado y un alojamiento de elemento de filtro y cámara de recolección de polvo en un extremo opuesto. Un forro no metálico no estructural se dispone dentro del cuerpo alargado en relación espaciada con una superficie de pared interior para definir una zona de secado interna. El forro se soporta de forma liberable dentro del cuerpo para permitir la extracción y reemplazo selectivos después de un uso particular. El cuerpo alargado ilustrado tiene una construcción modular que comprende una pluralidad de módulos, con al menos uno pudiéndose retirar y reemplazar selectivamente para alterar la longitud de la cámara de secado para una aplicación de pulverización particular. El forro también es reemplazable con un forro de una longitud correspondiente a la longitud alterada de la cámara de secado o con un diámetro diferente para un uso particular.

Spray drier

Apparatus and method for spray drying

OF THE DISCLOSURE An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

OF THE DISCLOSURE An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non-structural non-metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage.

Apparatus and method for spray drying

ABSTRACT An electrostatic spray dryer for drying liquid into powder including an elongated body defining a drying chamber, a spray nozzle assembly at one end of the drying chamber and a filter element housing and powder collection chamber at an opposite end. A non- structural non- metallic liner is disposed within the elongated body in spaced relation to an inner wall surface for defining an internal drying zone. The liner is releasably supported within the body for enabling selective removal and replacement following a particular usage. The illustrated elongated body has a modular construction comprising a plurality of modules, with at least one being selectively removable and replacement for altering the length of the drying chamber for a particular spray application. The liner also is replaceable with a liner of a length corresponding to the altered length of the drying chamber or with a different diameter for a particular usage. CA 3175381 2022-09-21

Electrostatic spray dryer apparatus and method

An electrostatic spray drying system comprising an electrostatic spray nozzle for directing electrically charged liquid into a drying chamber, a drying gas inlet from which drying gas is simultaneously directed, and a conical powder direction plenum for receiving drying gas and entrained dried powder for direction to a filter containing powder separation plenum via a connecting conduit. The powder direction plenum and connecting conduit each have a surrounding water jacket heat exchanger through which cooling water is directed for cooling the drying gas and powder below damaging temperatures prior to entry into the powder separation plenum. The powder separation plenum has a return line for redirecting separated drying gas to the drying chamber through a condenser, blower, and heater for reuse in the system, with condensed water being selectively redirected to the inlet of the powder direction plenum heat exchanger and/or to the cooling water supply.

Sprøjtetørrer

Apparatus and method for spray drying

Suihkukuivuri

Apparat og fremgangsmåde til sprøjtetørring

Suszarka rozpyłowa

Sumutuskuivatuslaite ja -menetelmä

Apparatus and method for spray drying

An electrostatic spray drying system for drying liquid into powder comprising: a drying chamber; an electrostatic spray nozzle having a spray tip assembly arranged to discharge a supply of liquid into the drying chamber, the electrostatic spray nozzle being configured to discharge the supply of liquid based on a duty cycle signal provided to the electrostatic spray nozzle assembly, the duty cycle signal determining periods at which the electrostatic spray nozzle is open to inject the supply of liquid; a controller associated with the electrostatic spray nozzle and operating to provide the duty cycle signal to the electrostatic spray nozzle, the controller being programmed and operating to carry out a process comprising: activating a pulse width modulation (PWM) mode of operation for the electrostatic spray assembly; initiating a first timer; first providing a first duty cycle signal to the electrostatic spray nozzle at a first PWM activation frequency while the first timer has not reached a first pulse duration; initiating a second timer when the first timer has reached the first pulse duration; and second providing a second duty cycle signal to the electrostatic spray nozzle at a second PWM activation frequency while the second timer has not reached a second pulse duration, wherein the first providing and second providing cause the electrostatic spray nozzle to produce sprayed particles of different sizes resulting in a varying extent of agglomeration.