СПОСОБ ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГИДРАТОВ В ТЕКУЧИХ СРЕДАХ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ГАЗ ИЛИ ГАЗОВЫЙ КОНДЕНСАТ

Изобретение относится к способу предотвращения образования гидратов в текучих средах, содержащих газы или газовые конденсаты. Способ включает воздействие на указанные текучие среды электромагнитными волнами в пределах видимой и инфракрасной области спектра, заключенной в диапазоне λ от 500 нм или более до менее 1 мм (от более 300 ГГц до 600 ТГц или менее), для предотвращения образования кристаллических связей, ответственных за образование указанных гидратов. Эффективность способа основана на использовании электромагнитного излучения в пределах четко определенного диапазона частот без необходимости применения химических добавок. 2 н. и 8 з.п. ф-лы, 1 табл., 4 ил.

ФОТОКАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕАКТОР, СОДЕРЖАЩИЙ НЕСКОЛЬКО ФОТОКАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

Изобретение относится к трем вариантам реакторной установки. Согласно одному из вариантов установка содержит корпус реакторной установки и несколько цилиндрических элементов реакторной установки с неподвижным слоем катализатора, расположенных внутри корпуса реакторной установки и окружающих по меньшей мере один источник света, размещенный в корпусе, при этом каждый из элементов реакторной установки содержит корпус и плазмонный фотокатализатор на оптически прозрачной подложке катализатора, расположенной внутри корпуса элемента, плазмонный фотокатализатор содержит катализатор, соединенный с плазмонным материалом, имеющим плазмонную резонансную частоту, для ускорения требуемой химической реакции, при этом подложка катализатора выполнена в виде неподвижного слоя, по существу заполняющего весь корпус элемента реакторной установки, при этом корпус элемента реакторной установки является оптически прозрачным и содержит по меньшей мере одно устройство ввода для подачи реактанта в элемент реакторной ...

РЕАКТОР РОТОРНО-ВИХРЕВОГО ТИПА ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ

Изобретение относится к аппаратам, служащим для проведения физико-химических процессов, например, для активации, смешивания, гомогенизации, измельчения, обеззараживания, очистки сточных вод. Особенностью реактора роторно-вихревого типа является то, что камера смешения имеет технологический участок, в пределах длины статорной обмотки, с рабочими телами в виде ферромагнитных элементов и сопряжена торцами с входным и выходным патрубками. При этом выходной патрубок соединен с транспортной магистралью и имеет на торце жестко закрепленный проходной магнитный ловитель ферромагнитных элементов, плоский магнит которого размещен внутри выходного патрубка. Транспортная магистраль имеет участок отвода обработанной среды и снабжена контрольным тупиковым магнитным ловителем ферромагнитных элементов, размещенным в ее торце, перед участком отвода. Техническим результатом является повышение эффективности работы реактора роторно-вихревого типа и повышение качества готового продукта. 2 ил.

СИСТЕМА ОБРАБОТКИ ЖИДКОСТИ С РАДИОЧАСТОТНОЙ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМОЙ

... 1. Система обработки жидкости с радиочастотной идентификационной системой, содержащая блок управления, установленный в корпусе системы обработки жидкости, заменяемый узел, испускающий электромагнитное излучение, установленный в указанном корпусе системы обработки жидкости; базовую станцию, расположенную в указанном корпусе системы обработки жидкости и электрически связанную с обмоткой и указанным блоком управления, причем указанная обмотка способна передавать и принимать радиосигналы в соответствии с заданными управляющими сигналами от указанной базовой станции, и радиочастотный идентификационный приемопередатчик, установленный в указанном узле, эмитирующем электромагнитное излучение, который находится в радиосвязи с указанной базовой станцией. 2. Система обработки жидкости по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что указанный радиочастотный идентификационный приемопередатчик содержит передающую антенну и чип для считывания - записи. 3. Система обработки жидкости по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что указанный ...

СПОСОБ ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГИДРАТОВ В ТЕКУЧИХ СРЕДАХ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ГАЗ ИЛИ ГАЗОВЫЙ КОНДЕНСАТ

СПОСОБ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ КРЕМНИЯ И ТИТАНА ПУТЕМ ГЕНЕРАЦИИ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫХ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЙ ЧАСТИЦ SiO, FeTiОИ МАГНИТНЫХ ВОЛН

... 1. Способ восстановления кремния и титана путем генерации электромагнитных взаимодействий частиц SiO, FeTiOи магнитных волн, отличающийся тем, что накачку энергии осуществляют в скрещенных полях с параметрическим резонансом в RLC контуре с многомодовой модуляцией на резонансных частотах в диапазоне 10÷10Гц и более при индуктивном взаимодействии частиц SiOили FeTiOсырья, в бегущих магнитных и электрических волнах с круговой или эллиптической поляризацией в замкнутом объеме электронно-ионной петли тока или вихрей частиц типа ротора, в диапазоне 10÷10Гц циклической частоты, с магнитно-электрически-инерционным удержанием вращающихся магнитных и электрических волн типа статора.2. Способ по п.1, отличающийся тем, чтоэлектромагнитные взаимодействия в сырье с большим содержанием диэлектрических элементов и малым содержанием магнитных элементов проводят в волнах с фазовым углом +φ в соответствии с соотношениями:W=W;;;также в сырье с малым содержанием диэлектрических элементов и большим содержанием ...

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ПРОЦЕССА И РЕАКЦИИ В КАМЕРЕ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ НЕСКОЛЬКИХ РЕЗОНАНСНЫХ СТРУКТУР

... 1. Устройство для возбуждения среды для проведения процесса или реакции микроволновым или электромагнитным излучением, содержащее: ! резервуар для проведения процесса или реакции с камерой для проведения процесса или реакции, содержащей объем для проведения процесса или реакции; и ! множество микроволновых или электромагнитных генераторов, причем каждый из множества микроволновых или электромагнитных генераторов связан с одной из множества резонансных структур, причем каждая из множества резонансных структур связана с резервуаром для проведения процесса или реакции таким образом, что объем для проведения процесса или реакции становится общей нагрузкой для каждой из множества резонансных структур. ! 2. Устройство по п.1, отличающееся одним или более из следующих признаков: ! (a) множество резонансных структур являются одномодовыми или многомодовыми; ! (b) каждый из множества электромагнитных генераторов является микроволновым или радиочастотным (RF) генератором; ! (c) каждый из множества ...

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cycloalkanonoximen durch Photonitrosierung von C-C-Cycloalkanen

VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR BEHANDLUNG VON PULVER.

Verfahren zur Durchführung chemischer Reaktionen mit Hilfe eines induktiv erwärmten Heizmediums

Verfahren zum Durchführen einer chemischen Reaktion durch Erwärmen eines Reaktionsmediums, enthaltend mindestens einen ersten Reaktanden in einem Reaktor, wodurch eine chemische Bindung innerhalb des ersten Reaktanden oder zwischen dem ersten und einem zweiten Reaktanden gebildet oder verändert wird, wobei man das Reaktionsmedium in Kontakt mit einem durch elektromagnetische Induktion erwärmbaren festen Heizmedium bringt, das sich innerhalb des Reaktors befindet, und das Heizmedium durch elektromagnetische Induktion mit Hilfe eines Induktors erwärmt. Das Heizmedium kann ausgewählt sein aus Spänen, Drähten, Netzen, Wolle, Membranen, Fritten, Füllkörpern und Partikeln, insbesondere aus Partikeln elektrisch leitfähiger und/oder magnetisierbarer Festkörper, wobei die Partikel eine mittlere Teilchengröße im Bereich von 1 bis 1000 nm haben.

Production of unsaturated hydrocarbon, e.g. ethylene or propylene, involves thermal cleavage of optionally unsaturated hydrocarbon with injection of hot gas containing alkyl radicals and-or hydrogen atoms

A method for the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons by thermal cleavage of saturated and/or unsaturated hydrocarbons involves injecting into the reaction space a hot gas containing alkyl radicals and/or hydrogen atoms obtained by the thermal or non-thermal cleavage of suitable precursors. A method (M1) for the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons (I) by thermal cleavage of saturated and/or unsaturated hydrocarbons (II) involves: (a) passing a starting stream containing hot gaseous (II) into a reactor fitted with gas inlet(s); (b) passing in (through these inlet(s)) hot gas containing alkyl radicals and/or hydrogen atoms obtained by the thermal or non-thermal cleavage of corresponding precursors (III) (in the case of thermal cleavage, the temperature of this hot gas is at least that of the reaction mixture at the reactor inlet; for non-thermal cleavage, the temperature of the hot gas is at least the dew point temperature of the reaction mixture at the reactor inlet); and (c) adjusting ...

Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Cycloalkanonoximhydrochloriden durch Photonitrosierung von Cycloalkanen

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Oxyden

Photochemical reactor

A method, system and apparatus for treatment of fluids

Water conditioners

Method and system using electromagnetic waves to prevent the formation of hydrates

Selective paramagnetic resonance treatment

A method is described, whereby electromagnetic waves of specified characteristics may be used to alter the state of individual atoms, molecules or substances in a selective manner. This requires that the process is carried out under the condition of paramagnetic resonance and that the medium be subjected to the action of the said waves tuned to the characteristic spectrum of the substance. In order to achieve this, purpose-built apparatus is necessary and its main requirements are mentioned. Examples of some of the various modern industries in which the method could be applied are also given.

A fuel activation and energy release apparatus, system and method thereof

A fuel activation and energy release apparatus 100 for increasing energy output of a fluid substance comprises: a fluidly sealable reactor chamber (Fig 2, 103); a fluid injection port 104 adapted to provide a one-way fluid communication from an external fluid reservoir to the reactor chamber; a fluid ejection port 108, adapted to provide a one-way fluid communication from the reactor chamber to an external region so as to controllably release said fluid substance from the reactor chamber; and at least one first electromagnetic radiation waveguide 116, having a first waveguide input port and a first waveguide output port, operably coupled within the reactor chamber and adapted to couple electromagnetic radiation to a fluid substance injected into the reactor chamber. The apparatus may also comprise at least one second electromagnetic waveguide having a second waveguide input port coupled to the reactor chamber and adapted to couple electromagnetic radiation of a second wavelength to a fluid ...

Fluid treatment apparatus

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ARTEMISININ

Equipment protecting enclosures

Processing materials

METHOD FOR PRODUCING REACTION PRODUCT IN WHICH PHASES INTERFACE REACTION IS EMPLOYED, PHASES INTERFACE REACTOR, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SECONDARY REACTION PRODUCT

Method and device for the synthesis of artemisinin

A method for physically processing and/or heating media, in particular liquids, and an apparatus forperforming the method

Processing biomass

Processing materials

Processing biomass

Method and device for the synthesis of artemisinin

METHOD FOR PRODUCING REACTION PRODUCT IN WHICH PHASES INTERFACE REACTION IS EMPLOYED, PHASES INTERFACE REACTOR, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SECONDARY REACTION PRODUCT

Method and device for the synthesis of artemisinin

Processing biomass

Equipment protecting enclosures

Processing materials

A method for physically processing and/or heating media, in particular liquids, and an apparatus forperforming the method

Equipment protecting enclosures

METHOD FOR PRODUCING REACTION PRODUCT IN WHICH PHASES INTERFACE REACTION IS EMPLOYED, PHASES INTERFACE REACTOR, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SECONDARY REACTION PRODUCT

EMITTER MODULE

PROCEDURE AND SYSTEMS FOR THE DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATION

VORRICHTUNG ZUM ABBAU VON IN EINEM GASSTROM ENTHALTENEN SCHADSTOFFEN

PLASMA DEVICE

DECONTAMINATION SYSTEM WITH IMPROVED COMPONENTS

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION

Processing biomass

Methods and systems are described for processing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials into useful intermediates and products, such as energy and fuels. For example, conveying systems, such as highly efficient vibratory conveyors, are described for the processing of the cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials. Provided herein is an apparatus for producing a treated biomass material, that includes an ionizing radiation source.

DEPOLYMERIZATION PROCESSES, APPARATUSES AND CATALYSTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION THEREWITH

The present disclosure generally rates to processes, apparatuses and custom catalysts designed to depolymerize a poymer. n embodiment, the present invention rates to a deolymerzin apparatus. catalysts and react ion schemes to obtain useful monomers ieudircg fuel products byIn siati reactions using coupled electromagec induction. 3 ?~ 'N / s fl IL N- \ NN~3 ' '1 Ni t K -~ 'N 'N. ~'Nx k' ~.'. 1 m ~ C) '1 Nt N> ...

High frequency energy application to petroleum feed processing

A method for disinfecting liquids and gases and devices for use thereof

CHEMICAL PROCESS IN A MEDIUM CONNECTED TO A ROTATING BODY

PLASMA REACTORS HAVING RECUPERATORS

A plasma generating system (10) includes a waveguide (20) for transmitting a microwave energy therethrough and an inner wall (40) disposed within the waveguide to define a plasma cavity, where plasma (46) is generated within the plasma cavity using the microwave energy. The plasma generating system (10) further includes: an adaptor (44) having a gas outlet (32) through which an exhaust gas processed by the plasma (46) exits the plasma cavity; and a recuperator (100) directly attached to the adaptor (44) and having a gas passageway that is in fluid communication with the gas outlet (32) in the adaptor (44). The recuperator (100) recovers heat energy from the exhaust gas and heats an input gas using the heat energy.

STATIONARY REACTOR AND ITS INTERNALS FOR PRODUCING LIQUID FUEL FROM WASTE HYDROCARBON AND/OR ORGANIC MATERIAL AND/OR CONTAMINATED OILS, THERMAL PROCESSES, USES AND MANAGING SYSTEMS THEREOF

There is provided a stationary reactor and its internals for thermal processing of a mixture. The reactor comprising plates and at least one plate(s) supporting and/or guiding mean(s) configured to allow sliding of a plate on the upper surface of plate(s) supporting and/or guiding means, a plate sliding from an upper position of the reactor to a lower position of the reactor. The reactor being further characterized in that the at least one plate(s) supporting and/or guiding means is preferably inclined and in that at least part of the surface of said plates being used to performed said thermal processing of the mixture. Processes for producing liquid fuels from starting material and managing systems allowing continuous optimisation of processes are also disclosed.

RECOVERY OF A METAL FROM OXIDIZED ORES AND PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SULPHIDE ORES AND OTHER COMPOSITIONS OF VALUABLE ORE

The invention relates to a method for separating and recovering at least one metal from a source of primary and secondary sulphurated minerals and/or oxidised minerals, comprising determining and altering the dielectric constant values of the mineral source.

ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION DEVICE AND METHOD

Provided is a device that can effectively cool heat generated by an ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) with a simple constitution. A UV-LED (11b) is accommodated within a housing (10) having an open end (10a) and a closed end (10b) with ultraviolet light translucency. The UV-LED (11b), which makes contact with a liquid to be treated via the housing (10) on the closed end (10b) side, irradiates the liquid to be treated with ultraviolet rays, and the housing (10) is cooled by the liquid to be treated. Thus, the heat generated by the UV-LED (11b) can be effectively cooled by a simple constitution without using a constitution that introduces dedicated cooling fluid for cooling the UV-LED (11b). A heat dissipating part (12) for releasing heat generated by the UV-LED (11b) to the outside may be provided on the open end (10a) of the housing (10). Part of the heat dissipating part (12) may be constituted so as to come into direct contact with the liquid to be treated.

VISIBLE LIGHT CURING SYSTEMS, METHODS FOR REDUCING HEALTH RISKS TO INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED TO SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO CURE CURABLE COMPOSITIONS BY EXPOSURE TO RADIATION, METHODS FOR BONDING SUBSTRATES AND VISIBLE LIGHT CURING COMPOSITIONS

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE REMOVAL OF HARMFUL CONSTITUENTS FROM CIGARETTES AND TOBACCO BEFORE SMOKING

The apparatus for the removal of harmful constituents from cigarettes and tobacco before use, is comprised of a chamber used for heating the cigarettes or tobacco (1), a removable cigarette holder (2), infrared heating elements (3), electrical wiring (4, 5, 6), a small duct for carrying the special liquid (8), a funnel used for topping up the liquid level in the duct (7), and an exhaust fan mounted over a perforated disk (10). The special liquid used for the removal of the harmful constituents from the cigarettes or tobacco has a concentration of about 75 % alcohol (92~), and about 25 % hydrogen peroxide (H202), evaporates under heating and passes through the cigarettes or tobacco carrying with it all the harmful constituents.

DECONTAMINATION SYSTEM WITH IMPROVED COMPONENTS

A system for reducing biological organisms in a liquid effluent to no-viable organic molecules that includes: a stunning chamber (38) that applies a voltage potential across biological organisms to break cell membranes and disable the defense mechanisms of viral organisms to ultraviolet radiation; a cavitation chamber (86) to physically destroy any remaining membranes of biologicals in the effluent that may play host to viral organisms or allow such to hide therein, the action of the stunning and cavitation chambers releasing interferons; and a molecularly implanted stimulated emitter (MISE) chamber (108) in which high levels of ultraviolet radiation and electromagnetic energy are applied to virions and spores that remain at frequencies that are readily absorbed and operate to dissociate any viable DNA and RNA strands remaining, to thereby cause "death". The resulting effluent is pulsed through the stunning, cavitation, and MISE chambers to gain maximum effect thereof.

Verfahren zur photochemischen Herstellung von Cykloalkanonoximen

Metal vapour deposition - on shaped objects with removable film

Preparation of workpieces consisting of simultaneous evaporation of several metals by electron, plasma or laser beams, which are condensed together on a cooled substrate from which they are peeled off. The substrate has the configuration of the desired workpiece, which consists of the film of metals deposited on the substrate. To facilitate removal pref. a plastic film is interposed between substrate and deposit. The process is useful for producing workpieces of exceptional props. and from unusual mixtures. It may be used for preparation of turbine blades, rocket components and esp. Ni-Cr alloys.

System zur Erzeugung von hohen Temperaturen in einem Reaktor.

Dargestellt und beschrieben ist ein System zur Erzeugung von Temperaturen bis zu 2500 °C, zum Betrieb eines chemischen Reaktors, mit dem Ziel chemische Reaktionen zu bewirken, vorzugsweise Zersetzungsreaktionen von Gasen, wie beispielsweise die Zerlegung von Wasser in Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff. Das System umfasst einen Disso- ziationskörper (33) in einem Behälter. Im Dissoziationskörper (33) erfolgt die chemische Reaktion dadurch, dass durch die hohe Temperatur im Innern des Dissoziationsköpers ein ausgewähltes Gas in mindestens zwei Komponenten zerlegt wird, wovon die eine, z.B. Wasserstoff, durch Diffusion im Material des Dissoziationskörpers in einen Hohlraum gelangt, von dem aus sie abgepumpt werden kann. Erfindungsgemäss ist vorgesehen, dass eine grosse Anzahl von Lichtquellen (39) fokussierte Lichtenergie, vorzugsweise hochverdichtetes Solarlicht, in das Innere des Behälters richten und zur Erzeugung der Temperaturen bis zu 2500 °C führen.

METHOD OF REMOVING SALT FROM ORGANIC LIQUID STI

METHOD OF PHYSICAL TREATMENT AND/OR HEATING MEDIA, IN PARTICULAR LIQUID POSTS, AND DEVICE FOR

APPLICATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY ENERGY FOR PROCESSING OF RAW MATERIAL OIL

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩИХ ИЗ ОСНОВНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА

Устройство для выделения составляющих из основного материала (20), использующее источник РЧ энергии, который соединён с реакционной камерой (18) при помощи линии передачи (12), не имеющей окна. За счет отсутствия потребности в окне удается избежать традиционных ограничений в максимальной мощности, подаваемой в объемный резонатор (34). Таким образом, остаются только такие практические ограничения РЧ энергии, которая может быть подана на объемный резонатор (34), как способность источника (10) РЧ энергии производить эту энергию и способность объемного резонатора (34) использовать эту энергию.

TREATMENT OF MATERIALS

ПРИЕМНИК ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ С ПОКРЫТИЕМ ДЛЯ ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ СИСТЕМ И УСТРОЙСТВ

Приемник электромагнитной энергии для химической обработки построен из матричного материала, который окружает нематричный материал, отличный от матричного материала, и имеет низшие диэлектрические потери по сравнению с нематричным материалом, причем нематричный материал первым поглощает электромагнитную энергию, приложенную к этому приемнику, и в большем количестве, чем ее поглощает матричный материал, в дальнейшем нематричный материал генерирует тепло в матричном материале и поверхность приемника электромагнитной энергии имеет покрытие из материала, который взаимодействует с приложенной электромагнитной энергией на по меньшей мере одной частоте и первым поглощает электромагнитную энергию, генерируя тепло.

СПОСОБ УДАЛЕНИЯ СОЛИ ИЗ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОЙ ЖИДКОСТИ

Изобретение относится к способу удаления соли из органической жидкости в процессе переработки органического сырья путем подачи первого импульса электромагнитного излучения (30) на органическое сырье, достаточного для нагревания воды, содержащейся в органическом сырье, для увеличения растворимости соли в воде. Подают второй импульс, достаточный для испарения части каждой из капель воды, содержащей соль, для образования водного комплекса жидкость-пар и перемещения водного комплекса жидкость-пар, содержащего соль, к поверхности органического сырья с образованием жидкого комплекса. Удаляют жидкий комплекс из органической жидкости.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ВЫСОКОЧАСТОТНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ НЕФТЯНОГО СЫРЬЯ

Изобретение относится к способу и устройству для сохранения активности катализатора (10) в процессе переработки органического сырья (22) путем подачи импульсов электромагнитного излучения (30) на катализатор в реакторе (24). Подача импульсов избирательно нагревает и охлаждает катализатор и может регулировать относительное внутреннее давление частиц катализатора, чтобы стимулировать ускорение массообмена макромолекул нефти через поверхность и поры частиц катализатора. Это позволяет удалять крекированные молекулы нефти из частиц катализатора. Подача электромагнитных импульсов позволяет также регулировать активность катализатора. Под действием электромагнитного излучения уменьшается образование кокса на катализаторе и увеличивается срок работы катализатора в реакторе.

СПОСОБ ОБЕЗВОЖИВАНИЯ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОГО СЫРЬЯ

Предлагается способ обезвоживания органического сырья, заключающийся в том, что подают импульс электромагнитного излучения на органическое сырье, достаточный для испарения по меньшей мере части капель воды, содержащейся в органическом сырье, устанавливают продолжительность импульса в пределах от 10-6 до 100 с, удаляют водный комплекс из органического сырья.

METHOD OF RECOVERY OF SILICON AND TITANIUM BY GENERATING ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS OF PARTICLES SIO2, FETIO3 AND MAGNETIC WAVES

Способ физической обработки и/или нагрева среды, в частности жидкостей и устройство для осуществления способа

Изобретение относится к способу физической обработки и/или нагрева среды, в частности жидкостей. Высокого расхода энергии в известных способах можно избежать, уменьшая воздействие окружающей среды, подвергая гидродинамически обработанную среду воздействию электрохимических полярных и/или ионных потенциалов и электрохимических сигналов RC AC. П. формулы: 12 Фиг.: 18 ...

TREATMENT OF MATERIALS

APPLICATION OF HIGH FREQUENCY ENERGY FOR PROCESSING OF RAW MATERIAL OIL

MATERIALS

METHOD OF PROTECTING EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEM FOR IMPLEMENTATION THEREOF

Continuous chloride production device

Apparatus catalyst-ioniseur of liquids or gas

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST BASED ON SPATIAL SPECIFICITY CAPABLE OF INCREASING THE CATALYTIC CHARACTERISTIC OF A HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

PURPOSE: A method for manufacturing a heterogeneous catalyst based on spatial specificity is provided to prevent the entanglement phenomenon of particles by forming two different materials separately in the center part and the peripheral part of one nano-particle. CONSTITUTION: A method for manufacturing a heterogeneous catalyst includes the following: a micelle-formed substrate is immersed in a solution containing a metal precursor to deposit one metal selected from iron, platinum, cobalt, palladium, and ruthenium on the center part of the micelle formed on the substrate; the substrate, an oxide precursor, and water are introduced into a sealed container; a thermal treating process is implemented under a temperature at which the oxide precursor and the water are vaporized; the oxide is deposited on the peripheral part of the micelle; and the metal on the center part of the micelle is reduced to eliminate micelle. The metal precursor is one selected from an iron precursor, a platinum precursor ...

GRAPHENE COMPOSITE AND METHOD OF PRODUCING THE SAME

... 전구체로서 사용하였을 때에 그래핀으로 박리하기 쉬운 그래핀 전구체로서 사용할 수 있는 흑연계 탄소 소재를 제공한다. X선 회절법에 의한 다음의 (수학식 1)에 의해 정의되는 비율 Rate(3R)가 31% 이상인 그래핀 전구체로서 사용할 수 있는 흑연계 탄소 소재. Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100…(수학식 1) 여기서, P3은 능면정계 흑연층(3R)의 X선 회절법에 의한 (101)면의 피크 강도 P4는 육방정계 흑연층(2H)의 X선 회절법에 의한 (101)면의 피크 강도이다.

Visible light sensitive compound, A photocatalyst including the compound and The manufacturing method of the same

FORMATION METHOD OF A MICRO-SPHERE WITH A STRUCTURAL COLOR IN WHICH THE ALIGNMENT STRUCTURE OF MAGNETIC NANO PARTICLES IS INCLUDED

PURPOSE: A formation method of a micro-sphere with a structural color is provided to rapidly arrange magnetic nano particles in order to align with an external magnetic field direction, thereby changing an angle comprised of incident light and a chain of the magnetic nano particles. CONSTITUTION: A hardening material and a composite material for structural color generation including magnetic nano particles dispersed within the hardening material are provided. An emulsion is arranged by inputting the composite material to a non-miscible solvent. A magnetic field is applied in the emulsion. The magnetic nano particles located within an emulsion liquid droplet of the hardening material are arranged in a one-dimensional chain structure. The chain structure is fixed by hardening the emulsion liquid droplet. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2012 ...

SUBMERGED PLASMA GENERATOR, METHOD OF GENERATING PLASMA IN LIQUID AND METHOD OF DECOMPOSING TOXIC SUBSTANCE WITH PLASMA IN LIQUID

A submerged plasma generator comprising bubble forming means for forming bubbles in a liquid and an electromagnetic wave generator for radiating electromagnetic waves in a liquid, wherein plasma is generated by, while forming bubbles in a liquid, irradiating the bubbles with electromagnetic waves so that plasma which has high energy but is macroscopically of low temperature and which is safe and is easy to handle can be realized. The submerged plasma generator can be used in, for example, the formation of a film on a substrate and the decomposition of toxic substances such as dioxin. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Meter susceptibility of electromagnetic energy coated quìmico processing, method to concentrate an electric field locally, meter electromagnetic susceptibility quìmico processing, method of producing ozènio from the interaction in the meter of electromagnetic susceptibility

Wasted electronic product processing method and processing apparatus thereof capable of greatly improving the practicality of the wasted electronic products

The present invention provides a wasted electronic product processing method and a processing apparatus thereof. The method includes conveying a plurality of wasted electronic products under processing to a vacuum cracking device; subjecting the plastic materials in the wasted electronic products to a low-temperature vacuum cracking for generating gaseous oil and gas so as to avoid generation of toxic gas and gas explosion phenomenon, which is cost-saving, safe and eco-friendly in use; heating and melting the metal material into liquid metal by a high-temperature vacuum cracking; and using a filtering device, an electrolysis device and a separation device to separately process the gaseous oil and gas and the liquid metal so as to obtain liquid oil, liquid hydrogen chloride, gaseous auxiliary fuel, and solid metal, thereby greatly improving the practicality of the wasted electronic products and thus providing a wasted electronic product processing method and a processing apparatus thereof ...

A FUEL ACTIVATION AND ENERGY RELEASE APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD THEREOF

METHOD OF CREATING COLORED MATERIALS BY FIXING ORDERED STRUCTURES OF MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES WITHIN A SOLID MEDIA

Compositions and methods wherein ordered structures of photonic nanocrystals are created in a liquid medium and then such structures are fixed by converting the liquid medium to a solid. In addition, compositions and methods of reversibly fixing such structures, so that ordered structures can be reversibly created in a liquid medium, converted to solid, and then converted back to liquid, wherein new ordered structures can be created and again fixed.

APPARATUS FOR GENERATING ACTIVATION ENERGY

The invention relates to an apparatus (1) for generating activation energy of fluid and/or gaseous substances, in particular of hydrocarbons, and to a method for generating activation energy of the substance by means of the apparatus (1). In order to obtain a less complex apparatus for generating activation energy, it is proposed to provide a device (2) for generating alternating electric and magnetic fields, for the device (2) to have a magnetic load coil (3) having a winding and a coil core (4) and a controller having a control circuit for the load coil (3), to provide a pass-through device (5) for passing the substance (S) through the load coil (3), for the coil core (4) to have an axial pipe (6) for passing the substance (S) axially through the load coil (3) in a flow direction and to manufacture the pipe (6) from a paramagnetic material.

METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR ADMINISTERING A SPECIFIC WAVELENGTH PHOTOTHERAPY

Methods and compositions are disclosed for administering electromagnetic radiation (EMR), for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes, or for purposes of curing a polymeric material.

PROCESS FOR THE CONVERSION OF FEEDSTOCKS AND APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING THE SAME

A process is provided for conversion of a feedstock, in particular a hydrocarbon feedstock such as methane or natural gas, in which a reactive mixture containing the feedstock is prepared and fed to a reaction zone. A reaction is initiated in the reactive mixture within the reaction zone so as to generate a conversion wave of increased temperature and pressure. The conversion wave is allowed to pass through the reaction zone, from where converted feedstock is recovered. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also provided. The process operates with a high conversion and selectivity to desirable products and is particularly suitable for the conversion of methane to carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

WATER CONDITIONERS

A water conditioner using a radio signal, the power of which directly varies with the flow of the water. The conditioner is attached to the water system by a novel method. The power output is controlled by three independant sources, the turbulance created by the rate of flow of water, the turbulance created by the amount of limescale in the water system and the activity in the premises which is an indicator of the future usage of water. The method of connection utilizes electrical contacts on the water conditioner, which are held fast to the water system by means of ties. The water conditioner treats the water in a manner which results in the efficient transfer of heat through the water. This effect reduces heating and energy usage.

DEVOLATILIZING AND STABILIZING VAPOROUS POLLUTANTS

Processes for controlling pollution by: (a) devolatilizing vapor phase chemical pollutants (VP's) found in effluents and other bodies and streams of gases and liquids (18), and (b) stabilizing substrates from which the VP's are released. The offending VP's are converted to less offensive or inoffensive materials by interaction with an appropriately formulated treating agent (VTA/C) containing a primary halogen and at least one additional ingredient selected from the following classes of constituents (optional if bromine is the primary halogen and otherwise required): oligodynamically active metals, cohalogens, adjuncts, and facilitators. The major constituent(s) may be supplied as such, or a source of the constituent may be provided. Actinic radiation (123) can be employed to promote reactions between the VP and the VTA/C, which is often formulated as an aqueous scrubbing medium (48). The VTA/C may, however, be employed in other ways, for example: (a) by gaseous infusion into a reaction ...

ROTATING SURFACE OF REVOLUTION REACTOR WITH TEMPERATURE CONTROL MECHANISMS

L'invention concerne un réacteur comportant un disque tournant (3) qui présente une première (5, 19) et une deuxième (20, 30) surfaces. On applique un réactif (15) à la première surface (5, 19) au moyen d'un dispositif d'apport (4), on fait tourner le disque (3) à grande vitesse, et le réactif (15) forme un film (17) sur la surface (5, 19). Au moment où le réactif (15) traverse la surface (5, 19) du disque (3), il subit des transformations chimiques ou physiques avant d'être éjecté de la périphérie du disque (3) dans un dispositif collecteur (7). Des moyens d'application d'un fluide caloporteur (35) à la deuxième surface (20, 30) également prévus permettent de refroidir ou de chauffer la première surface (5, 19), et donc le réactif (15).

Method for influencing the dispersibility, emulsifiability solubility and/or reactivity of low molecular weight solids containing alkyl groups

A method for influencing the dispersibility, emulsifiability, solubility and/or reactivity of low molecular weight solids containing alkyl groups wherein low molecular weight solids containing alkyl groups are subjected to a plasma treatment in a frequency range of from 10 kHz to 10 GHz.

Heat transfer with artificial dielectric device

A heat transfer process in which a chemical species flow is heated by heat exchange, by providing a source of applied electromagnetic energy that creates heat; directing at least a portion of the chemical species flow over the source of applied electromagnetic energy wherein the chemical species flow absorbs heat from the applied electromagnetic energy source to create a heated chemical species flow; and directing the heated chemical species flow into a device that uses applied electromagnetic energy to react gases within the chemical species flow.

Isotope separation by solar photoionization

Isotope separation, particularly separation of isotopes of lithium, is achieved by exposing a beam of atoms to radiation that selectively excites atoms of a particular isotope without exciting atoms of other isotopes of that element. The excited atoms are ionized by solar radiation and the ions attracted to an ion collector plate maintained at a negative potential. The atoms not ionized are condensed on a grounded atom collector plate. Optionally, the solar radiation not absorbed by the system may be used to generate electricity. Lithium isotopes are useful in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.

Heat transfer with artificial dielectric device

A heat transfer process in which a chemical species flow is heated by heat exchange, by providing a source of applied electromagnetic energy that creates heat; directing at least a portion of the chemical species flow over the source of applied electromagnetic energy wherein the chemical species flow absorbs heat from the applied electromagnetic energy source to create a heated chemical species flow; and directing the heated chemical species flow into a device that uses applied electromagnetic energy to react gases within the chemical species flow.

Photocatalyst protection

A gas treatment system for treating a gas stream containing contaminants includes first and second gas treatment members in fluid communication with each other. Each of the first and second gas treatment members is selectively controllable between an on and an off condition. A third gas treatment member is in fluid communication with the first and second gas treatment members, and the third gas treatment member selectively retains or releases the contaminants based upon the on or off condition of at least one of the first or second gas treatment members.

Methods And Compositions For Administering A Specific Wavelength Phototherapy

Methods and compositions are disclosed for administering electromagnetic radiation (EMR), for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes, or for purposes of curing a polymeric material. 1. A method delivering a dose of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) to an object , comprising the steps of:covering the object with a composition which selectively allows passage of EMR of one or more predetermined wavelengths, while excluding other wavelengths; andexposing said object to a light source that includes EMR of a spectrum that includes said one or more predetermined wavelengths.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of stopping the exposure of the object to the light source when the object has received a predetermined amount of EMR at the one or more predetermined wavelengths.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said step of stopping occurs after a predetermined time after the beginning of said step of exposure claim 2 , further comprising the step of adjusting the concentration of said composition within a carrier material so as to only allow claim 2 , within the predetermined time claim 2 , said predetermined amount of EMR.4. The method of claim 2 , further comprising the step of providing a dosimeter that measures exposure to at least one of said one or more predetermined wavelengths claim 2 , and that provides an indication when said object has received a predetermined amount of EMR at the measured wavelength or wavelengths; wherein the step of stopping the exposure occurs when the dosimeter provides said indication.5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising the step of covering the dosimeter with said composition.6. The method of claim 2 , wherein said composition comprises a photoactive molecule that changes its chemical structure after being exposed to a threshold level of EMR claim 2 , such that it becomes opaque to at least one of the one or more predetermined wavelengths; and wherein the step of stopping the exposure occurs when said photoactive molecule ...

Gas producing system from a liquid or solid source or elements by using electromagnetic or electrostatic simultaneous anti-polar pulses, and mechanical pulses

A system to generate gases from a liquid or a solid source including a generator, a dual arbitrary generator, a turbine, a thermoelectric generator, a pulse-width modulation device, a suction pump, a radiolytic cell, and magnets. The radiolytic cell includes a body, a first disk, a second disk having a plurality of perforations, and a plurality of radiotrodes. Each radiotrodes includes a large diameter tube, a small diameter tube concentric with the large diameter tube, and metallic wires having an end fixed into an upper section of the large and small diameter tubes and to lower sections of the large and small diameter tubes. The second ends of each one of the metallic wires are connected into the perforations of the corresponding first disk or second disk. The radiotrodes hang up inside the radiolytic cells by the metallic wires producing movement or vibration of the radiotrodes inside the radiolytic cell.

UV APPARATUS FOR FLUID TREATMENT

A water sterilisation system comprises an electrostatic water treatment apparatus (10) having its outer duct (13) connected to an ultraviolet treatment apparatus (11). The outlet duct (14) of the ultraviolet water treatment apparatus (11) is connected to an apparatus (12) which aerates the treated water with ozone gas. The electrostatic field of the apparatus (10) varies along the axis of the flow duct, so as to increase the speed at which dissolved minerals precipitate out of solution. The ultraviolet treatment apparatus (11) has a slotted helical guide vane, which creates a turbulent flow of water and ensures that large clumps of microorganisms are broken up. The ozone gas is generated in an apparatus (15) by exposing water vapour and air to shortwave UV radiation.

Uniform electrical field dielectric barrier discharge reactor

A uniform electrical field dielectric barrier discharge reactor consists of an electrode unit, a dielectric catalyst container and an insulative housing. Each electrode plate of the electrode unit includes an insulative plane frame structure, and discharge needles evenly distributed on the insulative plane frame structure. The dielectric catalyst container is a hollow solid member internally coated with a metallic catalyst coating layer. The flow directing plate is made of a conducting substrate, having two opposite sides thereof covered by a metallic catalyst coating layer. The invention is practical for use in an air purifier, fluid sterilizer or waste water treatment equipment.

Устройство для магнитно-резонансной модификации углеводородного топлива

Полезная модель относится к устройствам автоматического управления технологическими процессами производства нефтепродуктов и может быть использована для производства нефтепродуктов улучшенного качества, связанного с модификацией углеводородов, полученных в результате классических методов нефтепереработки.Решение поставленной задачи достигается тем, что в устройстве для магнитно-резонансной модификации углеводородов, содержащем емкость с углеводородным сырьем, расположенную внутри индуктора, подключенного к генератору переменного тока и помещенного в зазор постоянного магнита, магнитный поток которого ортогонален магнитному потоку индуктора, систему подвода и отвода нефтепродукта, в индуктор введен дополнительный соленоид, вход которого через первый ключ подключен к выходу генератора импульсов и через второй ключ к входу импульсного устройства регистрации ядерного магнитного резонанса, выход которого подключен к частотозадающему входу генератора переменного тока, а управляющие входы ключей и генератора импульсов подсоединены к выходу блока управления.Технический результат - быстрый поиск частот ядерного магнитного резонанса, возможность непрерывной автоматической подстройки частоты генератора на частоты ядерного магнитного резонанса компонентов поступающего сырья. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 184 581 U1 (51) МПК C10G 15/08 (2006.01) C10G 32/02 (2006.01) B01J 19/12 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК C10G 15/08 (2018.08); C10G 32/02 (2018.08); B01J 19/12 (2018.08) (21)(22) Заявка: 2018126331, 16.07.2018 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Дата регистрации: 31.10.2018 (45) Опубликовано: 31.10.2018 Бюл. № 31 1 8 4 5 8 1 R U (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: RU 140192 U, 10.05.2014. RU 2568273 C1, 20.11.2015. CA 0002837010 A1, 22.11.2012. (54) Устройство для магнитно-резонансной модификации углеводородного топлива (57) Реферат: Полезная модель ...

Проточная ячейка для проведения химических реакций

Полезная модель относится к области прикладных исследований, направленных на оптимизацию условий протекания химических реакций. Проточная ячейка для проведения химических реакций состоит из двух прозрачных пластин, расположенных параллельно друг другу, причем на нижнюю поверхность верхней прозрачной пластины нанесен отражающий материал, а нижняя прозрачная пластина на своей верхней поверхности содержит канал прямоугольной формы, на поверхность которого нанесен отражающий материал, поверх которого нанесен катализатор, при этом глубина канала и толщина отражающего материала выполнены так, чтобы собственная электромагнитная мода резонаторной проточной ячейки, образованной двумя упомянутыми пластинами, совпадала с известным электронным или колебательным переходом молекул субстрата химической реакции или катализатора, кроме того, сами прозрачные пластины зафиксированы вместе с помощью двух крепежных пластин, которые имеют отверстия для возможности прохождения электромагнитного излучения внутрь проточной ячейки, а на нижней из крепежных пластин закреплен хотя бы один магнит, который служит для создания магнитного поля внутри проточной ячейки. Техническим результатом является повышение эффективности прохождения химических реакций, протекающих в жидкой или газообразной среде в проточной ячейке. 5 з.п. ф-лы, 1 ил. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 195 095 U1 (51) МПК B01J 19/12 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК B01J 19/12 (2019.08) (21)(22) Заявка: 2019133026, 18.10.2019 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Дата регистрации: 15.01.2020 (45) Опубликовано: 15.01.2020 Бюл. № 2 1 9 5 0 9 5 R U (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: US 2014102876 A1, 17.04.2014. WO 2015008159 A2, 22.01.2015. RU 2666853 C1, 12.09.2018. US 7175817 B2, 13.02.2007. US 20030194363 A1, 16.10.2003. (54) ПРОТОЧНАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ РЕАКЦИЙ (57) Реферат: Полезная модель относится ...

Method for treating a substance with wave energy from plasma and an electrical arc

An apparatus for synergistically combining a plasma with a comminution means such as a fluid kinetic energy mill (jet mill), preferably in a single reactor and/or in a single process step is provided by the present invention. Within the apparatus of the invention potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and subsequently into angular momentum by means of wave energy, for comminuting, reacting and separation of feed materials. Methods of use of the apparatus in the practice of various processes are also provided by the present invention.

Microwave Assisted Chemical Synthesis Instrument with Controlled Pressure Release

An instrument is disclosed for carrying out controlled microwave assisted chemical processes, and that is particularly useful for handling relatively small samples. The instrument includes a needle, and a needle seal adjacent the needle and having a shaft coaxial with the needle and in communication with the needle. A pressure transducer is opposite the needle seal from the needle and in communication with the shaft. A housing holds the needle to the needle seal and the needle seal to the transducer. A chamber is formed between the housing and the needle seal. A lateral shaft goes through the needle seal from the coaxial shaft to the chamber in the housing, and a valve is in communication with the chamber.

Process for producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene

The instant invention relates to a process and method for manufacturing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene by dehydrohalogenating a reactant stream of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane that is substantially free from impurities, particularly halogenated propanes, propenes, and propynes.

Spinel-Type Lithium Titanium Oxide/Graphene Composite and Method of Preparing the Same

A spinel-type lithium titanium oxide/graphene composite and a method of preparing the same are provided. The method can be useful in simplifying a manufacturing process and shortening a manufacturing time using microwave associated solvothermal reaction and post heat treatment, and the spinel-type lithium titanium oxide/graphene composite may have high electrochemical performances due to its excellent capacity and rate capability and long lifespan, and thus be used as an electrode material of the lithium secondary battery.

Method for the production of silicon from silyl halides

The present invention relates to a method for the production of silicon from silyl halides. In a first step, the silyl halide is converted, with the generation of a plasma discharge, to a halogenated polysilane, which is subsequently decomposed to silicon, in a second step, with heating.

Photoreactor

The present invention relates to a reactor for the photocatalytic treatment of liquid or gaseous streams, which reactor comprises a tube through which the stream to be treated flows, wherein, in the tube, there are arranged at least one light source, at least one flat means M 1 provided with at least one photocatalytically active material and at least one flat means M 2 reflecting the light radiation radiated by the at least one light source, wherein the reflecting surface of the at least one means M 2 and the inner wall of the tube are at an angle greater than or equal to 0°, in such a manner that the light exiting from the light source is reflected by the at least one means M 2 onto the photocatalytically active material, and to a method for the photocatalytic treatment of liquid or gaseous streams by irradiation with light in the reactor according to the invention.

Plasmon photocatalysis

Plasmons on a waveguide may deliver energy to photocatalyze a reaction.

Uv disinfection system with contactless cleaning

A UV disinfection system for waste water and drinking water, including a number of UV radiators arranged in cladding tubes and a cleaning device for the cladding tubes. The cladding tubes are configured essentially symmetrically to a longitudinal axis. The cleaning device for the cladding tubes includes (a) at least one cleaning ring for each cladding tube, which surround the cladding tube, (b) at least one drive for driving the cleaning ring in the direction of the axis, wherein the at least one cleaning ring is disposed at a distance (d) from the surface of the cladding tube, (c) openings directed in the cleaning ring towards the cladding tube, and (d) a supply of pressurised liquid under high pressure into the openings so that the pressurised liquid is directed as a cleaning jet onto the surface of the cladding tube.

Hydrocarbon cracking antenna

An aspect of at least one embodiment of the present invention is a device for cracking heavy hydrocarbons. A linear applicator is positioned within heavy oil containing aromatic molecules. A radio frequency electrical current source is electrically connected to the applicator at a first connection point and a second connection point to create a closed electrical loop. The radio frequency source is configured to apply a signal to the applicator that is sufficient to create a magnetic field and an electric field relative to the axis of the linear applicator. The device also includes a chamber positioned around the applicator generally between the first connection point and the second connection point to concentrate the magnetic field within a region surrounding the applicator and containing the heavy hydrocarbons.

Process for the preparation of perfluoroalkylcyano- or perfluoroalkylcyanofluoroborates

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of salts having perfluoroalkyltricyano- or perfluoroalkylcyanofluoroborate anions, ((per)fluoro)phenyltricyano- or ((per)fluoro)phenylcyanofluoroborate anions, phenyltricyanoborate anions which are mono- or disubstituted by perfluoroalkyl groups having 1 to 4 C atoms or phenylcyanofluoroborate anions which are mono- or disubstituted by perfluoroalkyl groups having 1 to 4 C atoms, by reaction of alkali metal trifluoroperfluoroalkylborate with trialkylsilyl cyanide and a subsequent salt-exchange reaction or by direct reaction of an organic trifluoroperfluoroalkyl borate with trialkylsilyl cyanide.

Pyrolysis of Biomass

A method of treating biomass material, particularly plant-derived biomass material, to produce pyrolysis thereof, comprising subjecting the biomass material to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwave radiation, while the material is being agitated, under suitable conditions to produce a desired degree of pyrolysis.

Process for electrosynthesis of energetic molecules

A process for the production of energetically rich compounds comprising: using externally supplied thermal energy to heat an electrolyzable compound to a temperature greater than the ambient temperature; generating electricity from a solar electrical photovoltaic component; subjecting the heated electrolyzable compound to electrolysis with the solar generated electricity to generate an energetically rich electrolytic product.

Antenna placement in degenerate modal cavities of an electromagnetic energy transfer system

Antenna placement in degenerate modal cavities of an electromagnetic energy transfer system, an apparatus and method for applying electromagnetic energy to an object are disclosed in a degenerate energy application zone via a source of electromagnetic energy. The apparatus may include at least one processor configured to regulate the source to apply electromagnetic energy at a predetermined frequency that excites a plurality of resonant modes in the degenerate energy application zone. The plurality of resonant modes are of the same transverse type.

DIRECTED INFRA-RED COUNTERMEASURE SYSTEM

A tracking sensor for a directed infra-red countermeasure (DIRCM) system, the sensor including a first set of image elements in a inner region of the sensor and each having or operable to monitor respective first fields of view; and a second set of image elements in an outer region of the sensor and each having or operable to monitor respective second fields of view. The first fields of view are smaller than the second fields of view or the image elements of the first set provide higher resolution than the image elements of the second set. 117-. (canceled)18. A tracking sensor for a directed infra-red countermeasure (DIRCM) system , said sensor comprising:a first set of image elements in an inner region of said sensor, each having or operable to monitor respective first fields of view; anda second set of image elements in an outer region of said sensor, each having or operable to monitor respective second fields of view;wherein said first fields of view are smaller than said second fields of view or said image elements of said first set provide higher resolution than said image elements of said second set.19. A sensor as claimed in claim 18 , wherein the inner region is a central region claim 18 , and the outer region comprises:all image elements of said sensor not in said inner region.20. A sensor as claimed in claim 18 , in combination with a DIRCM system.21. A sensor and DIRCM system combination as claimed in claim 20 , comprising:an optical system for directing incoming light onto the first and second sets of image elements of said sensor such that the optical system defines the first and second fields of view, and said image elements of said first set have higher resolution than said image elements of said second set.22. A sensor and DIRCM system combination as claimed in claim 20 , wherein said sensor is configured to detect UV claim 20 , IR or both UV and IR.23. A sensor and DIRCM system combination as claimed claim 20 , arranged to combine outputs of groups ...

Nanostructured metal oxides and mixed metal oxides, methods of making these nanoparticles, and methods of their use

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for nanoparticles, methods of making nanoparticles, methods of using the nanoparticles, and the like. Nanoparticles of the present disclosure can have a variety of morphologies, which may lead to their use in a variety of technologies and processes. Nanoparticles of the present may be used in sensors, optics, mechanics, circuits, and the like. In addition, nanoparticles of the present disclosure may be used in catalytic reactions, for CO oxidation, as super-capacitors, in hydrogen storage, and the like.

NEAR-FIELD LIGHT MICROCHANNEL STRUCTURE AND NEAR-FIELD LIGHT MICROREACTOR

The object can be attained by the near-field light microchannel structure that comprises a structure provided with a microchannel and a near-field light two-dimensional array arranged inside the microchannel and enabling in-plane near-field light generating, in which the near-field light two-dimensional array comprises an electroconductive layer formed on the inner wall surface of the microchannel , a immobilizing layer immobilized on one surface of the electroconductive layer via chemical bonding, and metal nanoparticle arrays immobilized on one surface of the immobilizing layer via chemical bonding, and in which the metal nanoparticle arrays each comprise multiple metal nanoparticles arrayed at regular intervals and bonded to each other via the modifying part arranged on the surface thereof. 1. A near-field light microchannel structure that comprises a structure provided with a microchannel and a near-field light two-dimensional array arranged inside the microchannel and enabling in-plane near-field light generating;wherein the near-field light two-dimensional array comprises an electroconductive layer formed on the inner wall surface of the microchannel, a immobilizing layer immobilized on one surface of the electroconductive layer via chemical bonding, and metal nanoparticle arrays immobilized on one surface of the immobilizing layer via chemical bonding, andwherein the metal nanoparticle arrays each comprise multiple metal nanoparticles arrayed at regular intervals and bonded to each other via the modifying part arranged on the surface thereof.2. The near-field light microchannel structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the structure has a first member and a second member laminated on one side of the first member claim 1 , and the microchannel is arranged between the first member and the second member.3. The near-field light microchannel structure as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the distance between the metal nanoparticles is from 1 to 10 nm.4. The near-field ...

Chemical synthesis comprising heat treatment by intermittent dielectric heating, combined with a recycling system

This invention relates to the design of a process by intermittent dielectric heating combined with a recycling system. This process consists in subjecting reagents to electromagnetic waves selected in the frequencies ranging between 300 GHz and 3 MHz intermittently using a recycling system. This process enables the treatment of oils that are hardly absorbent as well as great investment savings. This process enables operation on different scales, whether in laboratories, on a semi-industrial or industrial scale, without forfeiting the advantages of continuous dielectric heating.

OPTICAL REACTOR AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

An optical reactor configured such that a large number of particles . . . formed of a glass material are accommodated in a glass tube and a fluid L can flow through the glass tube is characterized in that a contact portion between the glass tube and the particles . . . and a contact portion between the particles . . . serve as welding surfaces J . . . each having a predetermined area so that light guides C are provided continuing to the glass tube and the particles . . . through the welding surfaces J. An photocatalyst layer can be provided on the surfaces of the particles . . . and an inner surface of the glass tube except the welding surfaces J . . . . The glass tube may be formed having a circular cross sectional shape or may be formed having a non-circular cross sectional shape. 1. An optical reactor configured such that a large number of particles formed of a glass material are accommodated in a glass tube , and a fluid can flow through the glass tube , characterized in thata contact portion between the glass tube and the particles and a contact portion between the particles serve as welding surfaces each having a predetermined area so that light guides are provided continuing to the glass tube and the particles through the welding surfaces.2. The optical reactor according to claim 1 , whereinan photocatalyst layer is provided on the surfaces of the particles and an inner surface of the glass tube except the welding surface.3. The optical reactor according to claim 1 , whereinthe glass tube is a single tube capable of applying a light beam to an outer peripheral surface from a light emitting portion outside.4. The optical reactor according to claim 1 , whereinthe glass tube is formed having a circular sectional shape.5. The optical reactor according to claim 1 , whereinthe glass tube is formed having a non-circular sectional shape, and this non-circular shape includes at least a polygon, a linear or curved elongated shape whose long side is three times or more ...

METHOD AND DEVICE USING PLASMON- RESONATING NANOPARTICLES

Disclosed herein are methods and articles that include a plasmon-resonating nanostructure that employ a photo-thermal mechanism to catalyze the reduction of an oxidant. As such, the plasmon-resonating nanostructure catalyzes a redox reaction at a temperature below a predetermined activation temperature. The method can be efficiently used to catalyze the reduction of an oxidant, for example in a catalytic reactor or in a fuel cell that includes a photon source. 1. A method comprising:supplying an oxidant having a π-antibonding orbital to a surface of a plasmon-resonating nanostructure;exposing the plasmon-resonating nanostructure to photons at a wavelength sufficient to photoexcite the plasmon-resonating nanostructure; andreducing the oxidant at a rate about 1.1 to about 10,000, times the rate of reduction of the oxidant under the same conditions but in the absence of the photons.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step ofreducing the oxidant comprises reducing the oxidant at a temperature below a predetermined thermodynamic barrier.3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising supplying and oxidizing a reductant at the temperature below the predetermined activation temperature.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the reductant is an alkene.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the alkene is selected from the group consisting of ethylene claim 4 , propylene claim 4 , and butylene.6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the reductant is a material selected from the group consisting of hydrogen claim 3 , methanol claim 3 , and ammonia.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasmon-resonating nanostructure is present on a support.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the support is one of silica and alumina.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein reducing the oxidant produces an oxidation product selected from a group consisting of water claim 1 , ethylene oxide claim 1 , propylene oxide claim 1 , acrylonitrile claim 1 , propenal claim 1 , acrylic acid claim 1 , carbon dioxide claim 1 ...

REACTORS FOR CONDUCTING THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH SOLAR HEAT INPUT, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Reactors for conducting thermochemical processes with solar heat input, and associated systems and methods. A representative system includes a reactor having a reaction zone, a reactant source coupled in fluid in communication with the reactant zone, and a solar concentrator having at least one concentrator surface positionable to direct solar energy to a focal area. The system can further include an actuator coupled to the solar concentrator to move the solar concentrator relative to the sun, and a controller operatively coupled to the actuator. The controller can be programmed with instructions that direct the actuator to position the solar concentrator to focus the solar energy on the reaction zone when the solar energy is above a threshold level, and point to a location in the sky having relatively little radiant energy to cool an object when the solar energy is below the threshold level. 1. A reactor system for processing a reactant , comprising:a reactor having a reaction zone;a reactant source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone of the reactor;a solar concentrator having at least one concentrator surface positionable to direct solar energy to a focal area;an actuator coupled to the solar concentrator to move the solar concentrator relative to the sun; and direct the actuator to position the solar concentrator to focus the solar energy on the reaction zone when the solar energy is above a threshold level; and', 'direct the actuator to position the solar concentrator to point to a location in the sky having relatively little radiant energy to cool an object positioned at the focal area when the solar energy is below the threshold level., 'a controller operatively coupled to the actuator, the controller being programmed with instructions that, when executed231-. (canceled) The present application claims priority to pending U.S. Provisional Application 61/304,403, filed Feb. 13, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference. To the extent the ...

RECYCLING AND MATERIAL RECOVERY SYSTEM AND METHOD ASSOCIATED THEREWITH

A method of recovering an organic decomposition product from an organic source may include: a) causing an inert gas to flow through the reduction zone from a reduction inlet to a reduction outlet in such a way that pressure in the reduction zone is maintained above ambient pressure of a local environment for the material recovery system and b) applying electromagnetic wave energy to the organic source in the reduction zone via a bifurcated waveguide assembly in the substantial absence of oxygen to produce at least one gaseous organic decomposition product in the reduction zone that is exhausted from the reduction zone along with the inert gas through the reduction outlet. A material recovery system may include a housing with an inert gas inlet, a reduction zone, and a reduction outlet, an inert gas supply, an electromagnetic wave generator, a bifurcated waveguide assembly, and a controller. 1. A method for recovering at least one organic decomposition product from an organic source in a reduction zone of a material recovery system , the method including:a) flowing an inert gas through the reduction zone from a reduction inlet to a reduction outlet to purge the reduction zone and maintain a positive pressure therein; andb) applying electromagnetic wave energy to the organic source in the reduction zone via a bifurcated waveguide assembly, while maintaining the organic source in a stationary position for at least a portion of the applying, to produce at least one gaseous organic decomposition product in the reduction zone;exhausting the at least one gaseous organic decomposition product from the reduction zone along with the inert gas through the reduction outlet.2. The method of claim 1 , further including:opening an access port to the reduction zone;placing the organic source in the reduction zone through the access port; andclosing the access port.3. The method of claim 1 , further including:receiving the organic source at a lock inlet of the material recovery ...

SELECTIVE RESONANT RECONFIGURATION OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

Chemical compositions may be selectively or preferentially excited by the application of scores comprising a series of energy inputs. 190.-. (canceled)91. An instrument for exciting chemical compositions , comprising:an interpreter that converts a score comprising a plurality of energy input descriptors into control instructions for an energy input component; andan energy input component constructed to direct an energy input into a medium in accordance with control instructions generated by the interpreter, wherein the score is selected to specify inputs that induce a group of proximate atoms to shift from a first geometric configuration to a second geometric configuration.92. The instrument of claim 91 , wherein each energy input descriptor comprises a description of at least one attribute selected from the group consisting of frequency claim 91 , modulation frequency claim 91 , phase claim 91 , amplitude claim 91 , temporal profile claim 91 , polarization claim 91 , direction claim 91 , and coherence.93. The instrument of claim 91 , wherein the energy input component is a laser.94. The instrument of claim 91 , wherein the energy input component comprises a beam control element that directs or modifies the beam.95. The instrument of claim 94 , wherein the beam control element is selected from the group consisting of a reflector claim 94 , a polarizer claim 94 , an optical fiber claim 94 , and a lens.96. The instrument of claim 91 , further comprising a score location component that selects a score to be converted by the interpreter.97. The instrument of claim 96 , wherein the score location component selects the score from a library of scores claim 96 , each score in the library being associated with one or more compositions claim 96 , wherein the energy input descriptors of each score describe a set of energy inputs selected to induce a conformational change in its associated one or more compositions.98. The instrument of claim 97 , wherein the library of scores ...

METHOD OF CREATING COLORED MATERIALS BY FIXING ORDERED STRUCTURES OF MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES WITHIN A SOLID MEDIA

Compositions and methods wherein ordered structures of photonic nanocrystals are created in a liquid medium and then such structures are fixed by converting the liquid medium to a solid. In addition, compositions and methods of reversibly fixing such structures, so that ordered structures can be reversibly created in a liquid medium, converted to solid, and then converted back to liquid, wherein new ordered structures can be created and again fixed. 1. A method of creating colored materials , comprising:fixing ordered structures of magnetically responsive nanoparticles within a media, such that the ordered structures diffract light to create colors.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising creating the ordered structures of magnetically responsive nanoparticles with an external magnetic field.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the ordered structures of magnetically responsive nanoparticles are created in a liquid media and the ordered structures are fixed by converting the liquid media to a solid media.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the liquid media is a photocurable solution.5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising fixing the ordered structures of magnetically responsive nanoparticles with an UV source having a wavelength of approximately 240 nm to approximately 365 nm.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ordered structures are created in a reversible media claim 1 , wherein the reversible media is reversible from a solid to a liquid claim 1 , such that the color can be changed.7. A method of generating multicolored patterns comprising:fixing a structural color from a superparamagnetic colloidal nanocrystal clusters (CNC); andintroducing a high resolution patterning of multiple structural colors using a single material.8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising repetitive tuning and fixing of the structural color from a mixture of superparamagnetic photonic crystals and photocurable resin.9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the superparamagnetic ...

CHEMICAL REACTORS WITH ANNULARLY POSITIONED DELIVERY AND REMOVAL DEVICES, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Chemical reactors with annularly positioned delivery and removal devices, and associated systems and methods. A reactor in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone, and a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel. The reactor can further include a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system. A solar concentrator is positioned to direct solar radiation through the light-transmissible surface to the reaction zone. 1. A chemical reactor , comprising:a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone;a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel;a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system; anda solar concentrator positioned to direct solar radiation through the light transmissible surface to the reaction zone.223-. (canceled) The present application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 61/304,403, filed on Feb. 13, 2010 and titled FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. To the extent the foregoing application and/or any other materials incorporated herein by reference conflict with the disclosure presented herein, the disclosure herein controls.The present technology relates generally to chemical reactors with annularly positioned reactant delivery devices and product removal devices, and associated systems and methods. In particular embodiments, reactor systems with these devices can be used to produce clean-burning, hydrogen-based fuels from a wide variety of feedstocks with enhanced energy efficiency, and can produce structural building blocks from carbon and/or other elements that are released when forming the hydrogen ...

System and Method Using a Microwave-Transparent Reaction Chamber for Production of Fuel from a Carbon-Containing Feedstock

Approaches for producing fuel from a carbon-containing feedstock are described. Feedstock is introduced into a substantially microwave-transparent reaction chamber. A microwave source emits microwaves which are directed through the microwave-transparent wall of the reaction chamber to impinge on the feedstock within the reaction chamber. The microwave source may be rotated relative to the reaction chamber. The feedstock is subjected to microwaves until the desired reaction occurs to produce a fuel. A catalyst can be mixed with the feedstock to enhance the reaction process. 1a first reaction chamber comprising a first microwave-transparent chamber wall and a first reaction cavity configured to hold the carbon-containing feedstock and having a steam exit port;a second reaction chamber, separate from the first reaction chamber, the second reaction chamber comprising a second microwave-transparent chamber wall and a second reaction cavity configured to hold the carbon-containing feedstock;a microwave subsystem comprising at least one microwave device configured to emit microwaves when energized, the microwave device positioned relative to the first and second reaction chambers so that the microwaves are directed through the first and second microwave-transparent chamber walls and into the first and second reaction cavities, respectively;a mechanism configured to provide relative motion between the microwave device and at least one of the first and second reaction chambers; anda motor-driven feedstock transport mechanism configured to mechanically compress the carbon-containing feedstock in the first reaction chamber and to move the carbon-containing feedstock into the second reaction chamber;wherein the microwave subsystem is configured to cause the microwave device to heat the carbon-containing feedstock in the first reaction chamber to a first temperature of about 100° C. while steam exits from the first reaction chamber via the steam exit port and to heat the carbon- ...

PLASMONIC ASSISTED SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INTERIOR ENERGY-ACTIVATION FROM AN EXTERIOR SOURCE

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent. 1. A method for producing a change in a medium , comprising:(1) placing inside the medium to be treated an energy modulation agent and a photoactivatable agent, said energy modulation agent comprising a photon emitter which emits at least one of ultraviolet and visible light into the medium to be treated upon interaction with an initiation energy;(2) applying the initiation energy from an energy source including at least one of x-rays, gamma rays, or an electron beam to the medium in order to provide said at least one of ultraviolet and visible light at one or more positions displaced from the energy modulation agent inside the medium to be treated; and(3) inducing from the light emitted into the medium a photoreactive change to the photoactivatable agent displaced from the energy modulation agent inside the medium to be treated.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein inducing a photoreactive change includes at least one or more of:photocuring the medium to be treated;photocuring an adhesive as the medium to be treated;sterilizing the medium to be treated;pasteurizing the medium to be treated;deactivating fermentation in the medium to be treated;reducing contaminants in waste water comprising said medium to be treated;activating a photoreactive drug in the medium to be treated; oractivating in vivo a photoreactive drug in the medium to be treated.3. The method of claim 1 ...

OPTICAL ARRANGEMENT AND METHOD FOR EXAMINING OR PROCESSING AN OBJECT

The invention relates to an optical arrangement () and to a method of examining or processing an object (). Here, a first laser pulse with a first central wavelength and a second laser pulse with a second central wavelength different from the first central wavelength are generated. Both pulses are superimposed in or on the object () such that multi-photon absorption takes place there with the involvement of at least one photon of the first laser pulse and at least one photon of the second laser pulse. 1. Optical arrangement for examining or processing an object , comprising:a first laser pulse generator for generating a first laser pulse with a first central wavelength,a second laser pulse generator for generating a second laser pulse with a second central wavelength, wherein the second central wavelength is different from the first central wavelength,a beam steering system which is configured to superimpose the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse at a certain target position within or on the object, so that multi-photon absorption takes place at the target position with the involvement of at least one photon of the first laser pulse and at least one photon of the second laser pulse, wherein the first laser pulse generator and the second laser pulse generator each comprise a separate, pulsed laser, wherein the two pulsed lasers are synchronized with each other.2. Optical arrangement for examining or processing an object , comprising:a first laser pulse generator for generating a first laser pulse with a first central wavelength,a second laser pulse generator for generating a second laser pulse with a second central wavelength, wherein the second central wavelength is different from the first central wavelength,a beam steering system which is configured to superimpose the first laser pulse and the second laser pulse at a certain target position in or on the object, so that multi-photon absorption takes place at the target position with the involvement of at ...

MAGNETIC FLUX CHANNEL COUPLED PLASMA REACTOR

A magnetic flux channel coupled plasma reactor includes a hollow reactor body having a plasma discharge space coupled to magnetic flux channels, a magnetic flux channel coupled plasma source including magnetic cores having two or more magnetic flux entrances forming the magnetic channel and primary winding coils wound in the magnetic cores and generating magnetic flux channel coupled plasma in the plasma discharge space, and an AC switching power supply for supplying plasma generation power to the primary winding coils and the capacitively coupled electrodes. The magnetic flux channel coupled plasma reactor independently generates the magnetic flux channel coupled plasma or hybrid plasma through capacitively coupled electrodes or inductive antenna coils in the inside of the reactor body. 1. A magnetic flux channel coupled plasma reactor comprising:a hollow reactor body having a plasma discharge space coupled to magnetic flux channels;a magnetic flux channel coupled plasma source including magnetic cores having two or more magnetic flux entrances forming the magnetic channel and primary winding coils wound in the magnetic cores and generating magnetic flux channel coupled plasma in the plasma discharge space;capacitively coupled electrodes capacitively coupled while the plasma discharge space is interposed therebetween to generate capacitively coupled plasma in the plasma discharge space; andan AC switching power supply for supplying plasma generation power to the primary winding coils and the capacitively coupled electrodes.2. The magnetic flux channel coupled plasma reactor as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reactor body is formed of a dielectric body.3. The magnetic flux channel coupled plasma reactor as claimed in claim 2 , comprising a conductive reactor body cover surrounding an outside of the reactor body.4. The magnetic flux channel coupled plasma reactor as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the conductive reactor body cover serves as the capacitively coupled ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REDUCING TRAPPED ENERGETIC PROTON OR ENERGETIC ELECTRON FLUX AT LOW EARTH ORBITS

A system and method for improving the survivability of space systems following a High Altitude Nuclear Explosion (HANE) incident resulting in energetic electrons being trapped in the inner radiation belt of Earth is disclosed. The ULF electromagnetic waves is generated by space or ground based transmitters and the frequency range is selected such that the injected waves are in gyrofrequency resonance with trapped energetic particles. The Radiation Belt Remediation (RBR) depends on the wave-number of the injected waves and the wave-number of the injected waves increases along their propagation path when they approach the cyclotron frequency of the dominant or minority ions 0, He and H. 1. A method for improving the survivability of space systems following a High Altitude Nuclear Explosion (HANE) incident resulting in energetic electrons being trapped in the inner radiation belt of Earth comprising the steps of:generating electromagnetic waves using at least one transmitter;injecting said electromagnetic waves to Earth's radiation belts;selecting frequency range of said electromagnetic waves;ensuring said electromagnetic waves in gyro frequency resonance with trapped protons of energy between 10 and 100 Mev and relativistic electrons with MeV energy.2. The method of wherein said electromagnetic waves comprise Ultra-Low Frequency (ULF) electromagnetic waves.3. The method of wherein Radiation Belt Remediation (RBR) depends on the wave-number Kof the injected waves.4. The method of wherein the wave-number of the injected waves increases along their propagation path when they approach the cyclotron frequency of the dominant or minority ions.5. The method of wherein the dominant or minority ions are 0 claim 4 , Heand H.6. The method of wherein energetic electrons satisfy a resonant condition which becomes{'br': None, 'i': 'k', 'sub': z', 'z', 'e, 'ω−ν=−Ω/γ\u2003\u2003Equation 7'}7. The method of wherein{'sub': 'e', 'claim-text': {'br': None, 'i': 'k', 'sub': z', 'e', 'z, ...

Synthesis of Silicon Nanocrystals by Laser Pyrolysis

The invention relates to the synthesis of silicon-containing nanoparticles by laser pyrolysis. For this purpose: a precursor (SIH) containing the element silicon is conveyed, by a transport fluid (He), into a pyrolysis reactor (REAC); laser radiation (LAS) is applied, in the reactor, to a mixture that the transport fluid and the precursor form; and silicon-containing nanoparticles (nP) are recovered at the exit of the reactor. In particular, the power of the laser radiation is controlled. Furthermore, the effective pulse duration is controlled within a laser firing period. Typically, for a power greater than 500 watts and a pulse duration greater than 40% of a laser firing period, nanoparticles having a crystalline structure with a size of less than or of the order of one nanometer are obtained at a rate greater than or of the order of 80 milligrams per hour. Under optimum conditions, a record rate of greater than 740 milligrams per hour was able to be obtained. 124-. (canceled)25. A facility for synthesizing silicon-containing nanoparticles by laser pyrolysis , including:a pyrolysis reactor;a conveying unit, for feeding via a carrier fluid the pyrolysis reactor with a precursor containing silicon;a laser source, for applying a laser radiation in the reactor to a mixture containing the carrier fluid and the precursor, wherein at least a power and an effective pulse duration in a laser firing period of said laser source is adjusted, wherein the pulse duration is adjusted from about 40% to 75% of the laser firing period;at least one rate controlling means, for controlling a rate of transit of the carrier fluid into the reactor and/or for controlling a dilution of the precursor in the carrier fluid, wherein said rate of injection is controlled from about 4 to 11 meters per second, and wherein said dilution of the precursor in the carrier fluid is controlled between 1/25 and 1/10; anda recovery unit, for recovering silicon-containing nanoparticles at an outlet of the ...

Methane conversion device

Provided herein are methane conversion devices comprising a filter means (e.g., one or more filters), a circulation means (e.g., one or more circulating pumps), a reaction means (e.g., one or more reactor assemblies), a control means (e.g., central process unit, thermo-controller, UV controller, and the like), an energy supply means (e.g., ultra-violet lamp, direct sunlight, heating assembly, and the like).

Water treatment device and water treatment method

Provided is a water treatment device with which organic substances contained in raw water to be treated are decomposed to thereby alleviate the load to be imposed on a downstream filter and with which it is possible to avoid corrosion of the piping or the like. The water treatment device 12 includes a large-bore channel 22 , a small-bore channel 23 , and a pressure pump 24 which pressurize raw water 15 a to a given pressure, the raw water containing organic substances, and further includes a laser light source 25 and a condensing lens 26 which irradiates laser light 37 upon the pressurized raw water 15 a to heat the raw water to a given temperature, wherein the laser light 27 emitted from the laser light source 25 is condensed by the condensing lens 26 on a region 29 that is located in the small-bore channel 23 through which the pressurized raw water 15 a flows and that is separated from the wall of the channel, thereby heating the raw water 15 a present in this region 29 and yielding supercritical water or subcritical water to decompose the organic substances contained in the raw water 15 a.

Microwave and radio frequency material processing

An apparatus for processing of material, the apparatus comprising: a compartment for accommodating said material during processing, said compartment having at least one wall, an inlet for receiving the material to be processed and an outlet for material once processed to exit the compartment; and a radiation source for directing electromagnetic radiation into the compartment through a portion of the compartment wall that is at least partially transparent to the radiation, the radiation being microwave or radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation; wherein the apparatus is configured to place at least some of the material in the compartment in contact with the at least partially transparent portion of the compartment wall through which the radiation is admitted to the compartment.

Controlling Chemical Reactions by Spectral Chemistry and Spectral Conditioning

This invention relates to novel methods for affecting, controlling and/or directing various reactions and/or reaction pathways or systems by exposing one or more components in a holoreaction system to at least one spectral energy pattern. In a first aspect of the invention, at least one spectral energy pattern can be applied to a reaction system. In a second aspect of the invention, at least one spectral energy conditioning pattern can be applied to a conditioning reaction system. The spectral energy conditioning pattern can, for example, be applied at a separate location from the reaction vessel (e.g., in a conditioning reaction vessel) or can be applied in (or to) the reaction vessel, but prior to other reaction system participants being introduced into the reaction vessel. 16-. (canceled)7. A method for increasing the rate of change of pH in a solute/solvent reaction system with a conditioned participant comprising:applying conditioning targeting sodium electromagnetic radiation to at least one conditionable participant comprising water, to result in the water becoming a conditioned participant; andadding a salt solute to said conditioned participant, whereby the increase in rate of change of measured pH for a period of time from 2 minutes after adding said solute to 40 minutes after adding said solute is greater than the increase of rate of change of measured pH in an unconditioned water/salt solute reaction system.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said solute comprises sodium chloride.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said salt dissolves in said conditioned participant in an amount which is at least about 3% more in said conditioned participant relative to unconditioned water.10. The method of claim 7 , wherein said conditioning targeting comprises a sodium lamp.11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said water is conditioned by said sodium lamp.12. The method of claim 7 , wherein said pH of said unconditioned water/salt solute reaction system is less than 6 ...

High Concentration NO2 Generating System and Method for Generating High Concentration NO2 Using the Generating System

A high concentration NOgas generating system including a circulating path configured by connecting a chamber, a plasma generator, and a circulating means, wherein NOis generated by circulating a gas mixture including nitrogen and oxygen in the circulating path is provided. The high concentration NOgas generating system provides a high concentration NOgenerating system and the high concentration NOgenerating method using the generating system by which NOof high concentration (approximately 500 ppm or above) required for a high level of sterilization process in such as sterilization of medical instruments can be simply and selectively obtained. In addition, since indoor air is used as an ingredient, the management of ingredients is simple and highly safe, and the high concentration of NOcan be simply and selectively prepared on demand. 18-. (canceled)9. A method for generating high concentration NO , comprising circulating an NOx gas mixture in a circulating path formed by a chamber , a plasma generator , and a circulating means until NOconcentration reaches 500 ppm to 100 ,000 ppm by using a high concentration NOgas generating system comprising:a circulating path configured by connecting a chamber, a plasma generator, and a circulating means;{'sub': '2', 'wherein NOis generated by circulating a gas mixture including nitrogen and oxygen in the circulating path.'}10. The method for generating high concentration NOaccording to claim 9 , wherein ambient air is employed for the gas mixture.11. The method for generating high concentration NOaccording to claim 9 , wherein dry air with a dew point from 0 to −90° C. is used for the gas mixture.12. The method for generating high concentration NOaccording to claim 9 , wherein an internal pressure of a plasma generating portion of said plasma generator is from 20 to 90 kPa (absolute pressure).13. The method for generating high concentration NOaccording to claim 9 , wherein a pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and ...

Nanofluid coolant

Technologies are generally described for forming a nanofluid coolant and structures including a nanofluid coolant. In an example, a method of forming a nanofluid coolant may comprise combining a compound with an acid and with purified water to form a solution. The compound may include manganese. The method may further include heating the solution and, after heating the solution, cooling the solution effective to form at least one precipitate that includes manganese and oxygen. The method may further include filtering the at least one precipitate to form a powder that includes manganese oxide nanotubes. The method may further include functionalizing the nanotubes by irradiating them with UV radiation. The method may further include combining the functionalized manganese oxide nanotubes with a polar solvent to form the nanofluid coolant.

Silicon/germanium nanoparticle inks, laser pyrolysis reactors for the synthesis of nanoparticles and associated methods

Laser pyrolysis reactor designs and corresponding reactant inlet nozzles are described to provide desirable particle quenching that is particularly suitable for the synthesis of elemental silicon particles. In particular, the nozzles can have a design to encourage nucleation and quenching with inert gas based on a significant flow of inert gas surrounding the reactant precursor flow and with a large inert entrainment flow effectively surrounding the reactant precursor and quench gas flows. Improved silicon nanoparticle inks are described that has silicon nanoparticles without any surface modification with organic compounds. The silicon ink properties can be engineered for particular printing applications, such as inkjet printing, gravure printing or screen printing. Appropriate processing methods are described to provide flexibility for ink designs without surface modifying the silicon nanoparticles.

Novel carbon nanotube and production method therefor

The present invention provides CNT, in particular CNT having inherent properties thereof, which has a thin wall and does not form a bundle, and an efficient production method of the CNT. The method is for producing CNT, the whole length or a part thereof is compressed to form a band, said method comprises preparing a powdery and/or particulate material of an organic compound pre-baked to an extent of containing remaining hydrogen and allowed to carry a catalyst, which may be a transition metal, other metal or other element, thereon; charging the powdery and/or particulate material of the organic compound in a closed vessel made of a heat resistant material; and subjecting the powdery and/or particulate material of the organic compound together with the vessel to hot isostatic pressing treatment using a compressed gas atmosphere, wherein a maximum ultimate temperature at the hot isostatic pressing treatment is 750 to 1200° C.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS

An instrument and method for accelerating the solid phase synthesis of peptides are disclosed. The method includes the steps of deprotecting a protected first amino acid linked to a solid phase resin by admixing the protected linked acid with a deprotecting solution in a microwave transparent vessel while irradiating the admixed acid and solution with microwaves, activating a second amino acid, coupling the second amino acid to the first acid while irradiating the composition in the same vessel with microwaves, and cleaving the linked peptide from the solid phase resin by admixing the linked peptide with a cleaving composition in the same vessel while irradiating the composition with microwaves. 1. A process for the solid phase synthesis of peptides , which comprises:deprotecting a first amino acid linked to solid phase resin particles selected from the group consisting of Wang resins, Trityl resins and Rink resins by removing protective chemical groups from the first acid;activating chemical groups on a second amino acid to prepare the second amino acid for coupling with the first amino acid;coupling the activated second amino acid to the deprotected first amino acid to form a peptide from the first and second amino acids;accelerating at least the deprotecting and coupling steps by applying microwave energy during the deprotecting and coupling steps; andsuccessively deprotecting, and coupling a plurality of amino acids into a peptide in the single microwave transparent vessel without removing the peptide from the single vessel between cycles.2. A process according to comprising cleaving the peptide from the solid phase resin particles while applying microwave energy to accelerate the cleaving step.3. A process according to comprising agitating the amino acids and peptide with nitrogen gas.4. A process according to comprising transferring solid phase resin particles between a resin source external to a single microwave transparent vessel and into the microwave ...

System and methods for determining molecules using mass spectrometry and related techniques

The present invention generally relates to mass spectrometry and related techniques, and in some cases, to determining single species using mass spectrometry. In certain instances, polymers such as DNA or RNA can also be sequenced. Certain embodiments of the invention relate to passing a polymer, such as DNA, RNA, a protein, a polypeptide, a polysaccharide, etc., through a pore and cleaving the polymer in sequence. For instance, the polymer may be cleaved using a laser or an electric field. In some embodiments, a property of at least one subunit of a polymer is determined using mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, a single ion (which may be a subunit of a polymer, or an ion based on another species) can be isolated in a mass spectrometer and a signal generated from the single ion.

IRRADIATION DEVICE

An irradiation device is provided having a housing having an interior chamber and an infrared emitter arranged therein. The infrared emitter has an emitter tube made of high silica content glass having a round cross section and a defined outer diameter. Electrical connection elements are made of a metallic material and led out from the emitter tube through a seal. In order to provide the emitter with a long service life and potentially higher output, which is also suitable for being enclosed by a seal that separates the regions of different media, temperatures, or pressures, the emitter tube end also has a round cross section and the defined outer diameter. Between the electrical connection element and the emitter tube there is a seal containing at least one transition glass, which has a thermal expansion coefficient lying between that of the metallic material and that of the high silica content glass. 117.-. (canceled)185127234213828113128281342. An irradiation device comprising a housing () having an interior chamber and an infrared emitter (; ) arranged therein , the emitter having an emitter tube () made of a high silica content glass , having a circular cross section and defined outer diameter , and having a linear or coil-shaped heating filament () arranged therein , the filament being provided with electrical connection elements () made of a metallic material , the connection elements being guided out from the emitter tube () through a seal () , the emitter tube having two ends , at least one of which ends (; ) extends into an outer space separated in a fluid-tight way from the interior chamber by a sealing element (; ) contacting the emitter tube () on the outside , wherein the at least one emitter tube end (; ) also has a circular cross section and the defined outer diameter , and wherein a seal () is provided between the electrical connection element () and the emitter tube () , the seal comprising at least one transition glass having a thermal expansion ...

Loss profile analysis

Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for applying radio frequency (RF) energy to an object in an energy application zone. At least one processor may be configured to cause RF energy to be applied at a plurality of electromagnetic field patterns to the object in the energy application zone. The processor may be further configured to determine an amount of power dissipated in the energy application zone, for each of the plurality of field patterns. The processor may also be configured to determine a spatial distribution of energy absorption characteristics across at least a portion of the energy application zone based on the amounts of power dissipated when the plurality of field patterns are applied to the energy application zone.

CARBON NANTUBE SYNTHESIZING APPARATUS

A carbon nanotube synthesizing apparatus in which the state of generated plasma can be stabilized is provided. A carbon nanotube synthesizing apparatus comprises a chamber an antenna including a tip , a microwave conductor a gas introducing unit a gas discharging unit a substrate holding unit and a heating unit The shape of the inner wall of the chamber is symmetrical with respect to the tip of the antenna 1. A carbon nanotube synthesizing apparatus comprising:a chamber;an antenna which is provided under a central portion of a ceiling of the chamber and comprises a tip configured to generate plasma;a microwave conductor which is provided in the central portion of the ceiling of the chamber and is configured to conduct a microwave to the antenna, the microwave forming a standing wave by being reflected by the tip of the antenna;a gas introducing unit configured to introduce gas to the chamber;a gas discharging unit configured to discharge gas from the chamber;a substrate holding unit configured to hold a substrate for carbon nanotube synthesis in the chamber;a position adjusting unit configured to adjust a position of the substrate for carbon nanotube synthesis to a position at a distance from an antenna in the chamber, the distance allowing the substrate for carbon nanotube synthesis to avoid being attacked by an ion that is generated as a by-product of a radical generated by plasma generated at the antenna and to be reached by the radical kept in a radical state; anda heating unit configured to heat the substrate for carbon nanotube synthesis held by the substrate holding unit,wherein a shape of an inner wall of the chamber is symmetrical with respect to the tip of the antenna.2. The carbon nanotube synthesizing apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a value of R/r claim 1 , which is a ratio of an inner diameter R of the chamber to an outer diameter r of the antenna claim 1 , is in a range of 10 to 40 claim 1 , where R is the inner diameter of the chamber and r ...

CONVERSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE INTO USEFUL ORGANIC PRODUCTS BY USING PLASMA TECHNOLOGY

The present invention relates to a method of conversion of carbon dioxide into organic products using plasma technology comprising the steps of (a) providing a reaction chamber; (b) introducing a counterpart molecule and carbon dioxide into the reaction chamber; (c) initiating a plasma in the reaction chamber; and (d) converting the carbon dioxide into organic products, wherein the organic products do not contain formic acid and formaldehyde, and wherein the counterpart molecule consists of water molecule. 1. A method of conversion of carbon dioxide into organic products using plasma technology comprising the steps of:(a) providing a reaction chamber;(b) introducing a counterpart molecule and carbon dioxide into the reaction chamber;(c) initiating a plasma in the reaction chamber; and(d) converting the carbon dioxide into organic products, wherein the organic products do not contain formic acid and formaldehyde,and wherein the counterpart molecule consists of water molecule.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water molecule is vaporized in the reaction chamber by heating claim 1 , with plasma assistance or a combination of both.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water molecule is vaporized outside the reaction chamber and the vapor is introduced into the reaction chamber directly.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water molecule is injected directly or introduced into the reaction chamber by carrier gas.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction chamber is of glass claim 1 , metallic materials claim 1 , ceramics or polymers.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chamber pressure is 0.01˜760 torr.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma is low pressure plasma or atmosphere plasma.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the low pressure plasma is capacitively coupled plasma or inductively coupled plasma.9. The method of wherein the atmosphere plasma is electron beam discharge claim 7 , corona discharge or dielectric discharge.10. The method of claim 1 ...

DEVICE FOR GENERATING THZ RADIATION WITH FREE ELECTRON BEAMS

The invention relates to a device for generating electromagnetic THz radiation with free electron beams, comprising a dynatron tube, where the dynatron tube comprises an electron source, an extraction grid, and, an anode preferably coated with a material composition for high secondary electron emission, arranged in vacuum. The dynatron tube is connected to a voltage supply supplying an extractor voltage and an anode voltage and the extractor voltage is higher than the anode voltage. An oscillator modulates the anode voltage and the anode voltage is set to a work point voltage. 118-. (canceled)19104060105150545678190192. Device ( , , , , ) for generating electromagnetic THz radiation with free electron beams ( , , , , ) , comprising:{'b': 26', '47', '66', '196, 'an oscillator (, , , ) supplying an alternating oscillator voltage with a frequency from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, said frequency corresponds to a wavelength of 300 μm to 3 μm;'}{'b': 22', '99', '130', '180, 'a dynatron tube (, , , );'}{'b': 22', '99', '130', '12', '58', '72', '76', '96', '124', '14', '14', '68', '64', '82', '16', '46', '70', '84', '102, 'said dynatron tube (, , ) comprises: an electron source (, , , , , ,); an extraction grid (, , , , ); and, an anode (, , , , ) preferably coated with a material composition for high secondary electron emission;'}{'b': 22', '99', '130', '180, 'said dynatron tube (, , , ) is arranged in a vacuum;'}{'b': 24', '52, 'a voltage supply (, );'}{'b': 22', '99', '130', '180', '24', '52', '12', '58', '72', '76', '96', '124', '14', '44', '20', '68', '64', '82, 'said dynatron tube (, , , ) is connected to said voltage supply (, ), said voltage supply providing an extractor voltage between said electron source (, , , , , ) and said extraction grid (, , , , );'}a voltage divider;a work point voltage extracted from said voltage divider;said work point voltage is combined with said oscillator voltage to supply an anode voltage;{'b': 12', '58', '72', '76', '96', '124', '16', '46', ' ...

Ultraviolet Pretreatment Device

The Ultraviolet pretreatment device in the present invention relates to an interface technique in the field of coupling technology for the analysis of chemical element species. The objective is to provide an Ultraviolet pretreatment device with simple structure, enhanced UV illuminance, and high digestion efficiency. The Ultraviolet pretreatment device in the present invention comprises a low pressure Mercury lamp and a quartz tube, wherein, the low pressure Mercury lamp comprises a lamp tube, electrodes and a power source. The quartz tube is located within the lamp tube, the two ends of the quartz tube are fixedly and respectively joined with the tube wall of the lamp tube, the inner wall of the lamp tube and the outer wall of the quartz tube form a sealed gas chamber, and the electrodes are located in the gas chamber.

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR OBTAINING THE MIXTURE OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN BY THE ACTION OF UV RADIATION ON MICRO-CRYSTALS OF ICE WATER

Present invention refers to a device and method for obtaining a mixture of hydrogen Hz and oxygen Oz through the activity of UV radiation on ice microcrystals. The device comprises a source of UV radiation (); optical fibre () via which the UV radiation is directed from the source of the UV radiation () towards the chamber () containing the ice microcrystals subjected to the activity of the UV rays; internal chamber () in which water vapour is introduced via an injector, in which the internal chamber () is situated within the chamber () from which it is separated by longitudinal barriers (); a rotating hollow cylinder () around whose perimeter fibres () are distributed, cooling device () that provides ice microcrystals on the fibres (), where the cooling device () is placed within the rotating hollow cylinder () and the outflow () for the gaseous Oz and Hz towards the feeder. The said device and method are used for obtaining a mixture of hydrogen Hz and oxygen Oz for driving an internal combustion engine, gas turbine or steam generator as an additional fuel. 123210661095474758. A device for obtaining the mixture of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) through the activity of UV radiation on ice microcrystals , characterized by that it comprises a source of UV radiation (); optical fibre () via which the UV radiation is directed from the source of the UV radiation () towards the chamber () containing the ice microcrystals subjected to the activity of the UV rays; internal chamber () in which water vapour is introduced via an injector , in which the internal chamber () is situated within the chamber () from which it is separated by longitudinal barriers (); a rotating hollow cylinder () around whose perimeter fibres () are distributed; cooling device () that provides formation of ice microcrystals on the fibres () where the cooling device () is placed within the rotating hollow cylinder (); and the outlet pipe () for leading the gaseous Oand Htowards the feeder.2210. The ...

Device for irradiating substrate material in the form of a sheet or web and uses thereof

A device for irradiating substrate material (S) in the form of a sheet or web in a sheet-fed or web-fed processing system, especially in a sheet-fed or web-fed processing or printing press. The device comprises at least one flexible light-emitting sheet ( 10 ) for producing radiation of a desired wavelength or wavelength band, which light-emitting sheet ( 10 ) is disposed along a path of the substrate material (S) to subject the substrate material (S) to said radiation. The flexible light-emitting sheet ( 10 ) is preferably an organic light-emitting device (OLED) sheet.

IRRADIATION SOURCES AND METHODS

Irradiating assemblies can have a housing with a reflector extending linearly parallel to a lamp. Radiation can be emitted from one opening, for example in a bottom portion of the housing, as well as from another opening, for example a side opening in the housing. Irradiating assemblies can also have first and second reflector portions at angles with respect to each other wherein radiation is reflected out of a housing that does not have an end reflector. Irradiating assemblies can be configured to have cooling flow openings in side walls so that cooling fluid such as air can flow between the side walls and adjacent surfaces of a reflector. Irradiating assemblies can incorporate lamps having first and second electrodes wherein the first and second electrodes are oriented at an angle with respect to each other. Methods of irradiating material may include irradiating a surface with emissions from a first portion of an assembly and irradiating a surface with emissions from a second portion of an assembly different from the first portion. 1. A UV curing irradiator comprising:a body including a housing;a UV lamp source within the housing for producing UV radiation;a handle on the body configured to permit holding the irradiator and to permit moving of the irradiator to a desired orientationat least one wall defining at least one opening in the housing configured relative to the lamp source to permit UV radiation from the lamp source to pass through the opening; andat least one reflector in the housing, the at least one reflector having first and second end portions, and wherein the at least one reflector is positioned relative to the UV lamp source to have a first portion parallel to a portion of the UV lamp source and to have a second portion non-parallel to the UV lamp source and wherein the first end portion of the reflector is open and an adjacent portion of the housing is open.242-. (canceled)43. A method of curing a UV curable material using a handheld UV ...

Target substance transfer method, crystal production method, composition production method, and target substance transfer device

The present invention provides a target substance transfer method, a crystal production method, a composition production method, and a target substance transfer device, which allow the concentration of a target substance to be increased easily and effectively. The target substance transfer method is a method for transferring a target substance 103 from a first phase 101 that is a liquid or solid phase containing the target substance 103 to a second phase 102 including: a phase approximation step of bringing the first phase 101 and the second phase 102 into close proximity; and a bubble collapse step of forming bubbles in the vicinity of a boundary between the first phase 101 and the second phase 102 and then causing the bubbles to collapse.

PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESS FOR PRODUCING ARTEMISININ

Provided is a new photochemical process for preparing artemisinin. Also provided are certain dihydroartemisinic acid derivatives useful for preparing artemisinin. 3. The process according to or , characterized in that the at least one organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohols , chlorinated solvents , ketones , sulfoxides , nitriles , N ,N-disubstituted amines , esters , nitrogenated heterocycles , ethers , alkanes , aromatic solvents , and mixtures thereof.4. The process according to any one of to , characterized in that the at least one organic solvent is dichloromethane.5. The process according to any one of to , characterized in that the polar solvent is used in a ratio of about 4 to 20 volumes with respect to the dihydroartemisinic acid derivative of formula (I) or (Ia).6. The process according to any one of to , characterized in that the photosensitizer is selected from Rose bengal , tetraphenylporphyrin , tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives , tetramethylthionine chloride (methylene blue) and toluidine blue.7. The process according to any one of to , characterized in that the photosensitizer is used in a molar ratio of about 0.000001 to 1 equivalent with respect to the dihydroartemisinic acid derivative of formula (I) or (Ia).8. The process according to any one of to , characterized in that the mixture comprises an acid catalyst.9. The process according to any one of to , characterized in that the acid catalyst is present in an amount of 0.5 equivalent per equivalent of compound of formula (I) or (Ia).10. The process according to any one of to , characterized in the acid catalyst is a protic acid.11. The process according to any one of to , characterized in that the acid catalyst is trifluoroacetic acid.12. The process according to any one of to , characterized in that it comprises the steps of:{'claim-ref': [{'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, {'@idref': 'CLM-00002', '2'}], 'preparing a mixture comprising (i) a dihydroartemisinic acid ...

FLUOROPOLYMER DISPERSION TREATMENT EMPLOYING ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND OXYGEN SOURCE TO REDUCE FLUOROPOLYMER RESIN DISCOLORATION

Process for reducing thermally induced discoloration of fluoropolymer resin produced by polymerizing fluoromonomer in an aqueous dispersion medium to form aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion and isolating said fluoropolymer from said aqueous medium to obtain said fluoropolymer resin. The process comprises: 1. Process for reducing thermally induced discoloration of fluoropolymer resin , said fluoropolymer resin produced by polymerizing fluoromonomer in an aqueous dispersion medium to form aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion and isolating said fluoropolymer from said aqueous medium to obtain said fluoropolymer resin , said process comprising:exposing the aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion to ultraviolet light in the presence of an oxygen source.2. The process of wherein said process reduces thermally induced discoloration by at least about 10% as measured by % change in L* on the CIELAB color scale.3. The process of wherein said aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion contains hydrocarbon surfactant which causes said thermally induced discoloration.4. The process of wherein said fluoropolymer dispersion is polymerized in the presence of hydrocarbon surfactant.5. The process of wherein said oxygen source is selected from the group consisting of air claim 1 , oxygen rich gas claim 1 , ozone containing gas and hydrogen peroxide.6. The process of wherein said oxygen source comprises ozone containing gas.7. The process of wherein said oxygen source comprises hydrogen peroxide.8. The process of wherein the solids content of said dispersion during said exposing to ultraviolet light is about 2 weight % to about 30 weight %.9. The process of wherein said ultraviolet light has a wavelength in the UVC band.10. The process of wherein said exposing the aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion to ultraviolet light in the presence of an oxygen source is carried out at a temperature of about 5° C. to about 70° C.11. The process of wherein the fluoropolymer resin has an initial thermally induced ...

REACTOR VESSELS WITH PRESSURE AND HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Reactor vessels with pressure and heat transfer features for producing hydrogen-based fuels and structural elements, and associated systems and methods. A representative reactor system includes a first reaction zone and a heat path, a reactant source coupled to the first reaction zone, and a first actuator coupled to cyclically pressurize the first reaction zone. A second reaction zone is in fluid communication with the first, a valve is coupled between the first and second reaction zones to control a flow rate therebetween, and a second actuator is coupled in fluid communication with the second reaction zone to cyclically pressurize the second reaction zone. First and second heat exchangers direct heat from products to reactants in the reaction zones. A controller controls the first and second actuators in a coordinated manner based at least in part on a flow rate of the second product from the second reaction zone. 127-. (canceled)28. A chemical reactor system , comprising:a first reaction zone and a heat path positioned to direct heat into the first reaction zone;a reactant source coupled to the first reaction zone;a second reaction zone in fluid communication with the first reaction zone;a mechanism coupled between the first and second reaction zones to control a flow rate between the first and second reaction zones; and cyclically pressurize the first reaction zone;', 'cyclically pressurize the second reaction zone in a manner that depends at least in part on a flow of a product from the first reaction zone to the second reaction zone., 'a controller operatively coupled to the first and second reaction zones, the controller being programmed with instructions that, when executed29. The system of claim 28 , further comprising:a first heat exchanger positioned to direct heat from a first product leaving the first reaction zone to a reactant entering the first reaction zone;a second heat exchanger positioned to direct heat from a second product leaving the second ...

Method and Device for Treating Opaque Fluids with UV Radiation

The present invention relates to a method for treating opaque fluids, comprising the steps of placing a treatment unit inside a volume of fluid to be treated, which treatment unit comprises a UV radiation member capable of emitting UV radiation, 5 radiating said volume of fluid with UV radiation, whereby said UV radiation is capable of creating radicals in said fluid, which radicals react with matter in the fluid, thereby treating it. 113-. (canceled)14. A method of treating opaque fluids , comprising:placing a treatment unit inside a volume of fluid to be treated, which treatment unit comprises an ultraviolet (UV) radiation member configured to emit UV radiation; andradiating the volume of fluid with UV radiation, whereby the UV radiation is configured to create radicals in the fluid that react with matter in the fluid, thereby treating it.15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the UV radiation is configured to create photo-ionization effects in the fluid.16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the treatment unit further comprises a quartz glass positioned between the UV radiation member and the fluid to be treated.17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the treatment unit further comprises a photo-catalytic material placed in the UV radiation for creating photo-catalyzing effects.18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the photo-catalytic material is arranged on a fluid-non-permeable carrier.19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the photo-catalytic material is arranged on a fluid-permeable carrier.20. The method of claim 14 , further comprising creating a flow in the volume of fluid to be treated.21. The method of claim 20 , further comprising mixing and guiding the flow in the volume by static mixing elements.22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the flow is guided along the UV radiation members.23. The method of claim 14 , further comprising inducing vibrations on a protective surface in order to remove material stuck on the protective surface.24. The method of claim 23 , ...

Uv assisted polymer modification and in situ exhaust cleaning

Apparatus for the removal of exhaust gases are provided herein. In some embodiments, an exhaust apparatus may include a housing defining an inner volume, an inlet and an outlet formed in the housing to facilitate flow of an exhaust gas through the inner volume, wherein the inlet is configured to be coupled to an exhaust outlet of a semiconductor process chamber to receive the exhaust gas therefrom, and wherein the exhaust gas can flow through the inner volume substantially free from obstruction, an ultraviolet light source to provide ultraviolet energy to the exhaust gas present the inner volume during use, wherein the ultraviolet light source provides sufficient energy to at least partially decompose the exhaust gas, and a conduit coupled to the outlet and configured allow at least some ultraviolet energy provided from the ultraviolet light source to travel directly along an axial length of the conduit.

SEPARATION OF COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS USING LASER OPTICAL PRESSURE FLUIDIC DEVICES

A method of particle separation, wherein a collimated light source operable to generate a collimated light source beam is provided. The collimated light source beam includes a beam cross-section. A body is provided, wherein the body defines a wall and a first channel in a first plane. The first channel includes a first channel cross-section, the first channel being oriented to receive the collimated light source beam such that the beam cross-section completely overlaps the channel cross-section. The collimated light source beam is transmitted through the channel. A fluid sample is transmitted through the channel, fluid sample including a plurality of particles of a same type. All of the particles of the plurality of particles are separated axially along the collimated light source beam. All of the particles of the plurality of particles are retained against the wall in the collimated light source beam. 1. A method comprising:providing a collimated light source operable to generate a collimated light source beam, the collimated light source beam comprising a beam cross-section;providing a body defining a first channel in a first plane, a second channel in a second plane orthogonal to said first plane, said second channel communicating with said first channel, said second channel comprising a second channel cross-section, said second channel being oriented to receive the collimated light source beam, a third channel in a third plane orthogonal to said second plane, said third channel communicating with said second channel;transmitting the collimated light source beam through the second channel, the transmitted collimated light source beam comprising a beam direction;transmitting a fluid sample through the second channel, the fluid sample comprising a plurality of particles of a same type, the fluid sample comprising a flow direction opposite the beam direction;retaining all of the particles in the plurality of particles axially along the collimated light source beam; ...

FLOW RECTIFIER FOR CLOSED PIPELINES

A channel for a UV irradiation device, in which the UV irradiation device is disposed in a closed channel and an inlet cone is provided in the direction of flow upstream of a UV reactor, which, as part of the wall of the channel, increases the cross section of the channel from an incoming pipeline cross section to a cross section of the reactor, in which a flow rectifier with at least one inner first guide element and at least one outer second guide element is disposed in the inlet cone, wherein the inner guide element is a substantially circular, cylindrical pipe and the outer guide element runs substantially parallel to the outer wall and is disposed at a distance from the outer wall. 116.-. (canceled)17. A channel for an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation device , in which the UV irradiation device is disposed in a closed channel , wherein a flow rectifier with at least one inner first guide element and at least one outer second guide element is disposed in the channel upstream of the UV irradiation device , wherein the outer guide element is disposed at a distance from an outer wall of the channel.18. The channel according to claim 17 , wherein the inner guide element is a substantially circular claim 17 , cylindrical pipe and the outer guide element runs substantially parallel to the outer wall.19. The channel according to claim 17 , wherein an inlet cone is provided in the direction of flow upstream of a UV reactor.20. The channel according to claim 19 , wherein the inlet cone claim 19 , as part of the wall of the channel claim 19 , changes a cross section of the channel from an incoming pipeline cross section to a cross section of the UV reactor.21. The channel according to claim 19 , wherein the inlet cone claim 19 , as part of the wall of the channel claim 19 , increases a cross section of the channel from an incoming pipeline cross section to a cross section of the UV reactor.22. The channel according to claim 19 , wherein the inlet cone claim 19 , as part of ...

ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOREACTOR FOR THE PURIFICATION OF FLUIDS

In order to disinfect and to detoxify a fluid, a photoreactor contains at least two light sources. One light source activates the catalytic function of a semiconductor material in the fluid to reduce the concentration of contaminants in the fluid, such as by breaking down organic contaminants into non-toxic compounds. A second light source acts directly on living biological entities to sterilize or kill them and thereby disinfect the fluid, and can also serve to activate a semiconductor photocatalyst that in turn causes further damage to biological contaminants. The semiconductor photocatalyst is desirably attached to an optically transmitting fiber substrate in the fluid. The second light source in one embodiment is external to the fluid and illuminates the photocatalyst through transmitting surfaces in a fluid containment vessel. The light sources can comprise respective sets of plural LEDs. 1. An apparatus for treating fluid comprising:a housing comprising an inlet for receiving fluid to be treated and an outlet for delivering treated fluid, the housing defining a fluid flow path between the inlet and the outlet;a light transmitting substrate in the fluid flow path;a semiconductor photocatalyst adhered to the substrate, the photocatalyst comprising at least a first photocatalyst with a first band gap wavelength;at least one first light source operable to deliver light to fluid in the housing to be treated, said at least one first light source emitting at least one first band of light having a center wavelength in the range from 250 nanometers to 285 nanometers so as to provide disinfection treatment of the fluid; andat least one second light source operable to deliver light to the photocatalyst in the fluid in the housing to be treated, said at least one second light source emitting at least one second band of light having a center wavelength at or below the first band gap wavelength so as to provide a photocatalytic reduction of contaminant concentrations in the ...

PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION DEVICE AND ISOTOPE ENRICHMENT METHOD USING THE DEVICE

The present invention includes: a light-transmissive reaction cell () into which a process gas is supplied and the process gas is photochemically reacted by laser light; a metal mirror () which is set up outside of the light-transmissive reaction cell () so as to encompass the light-transmissive reaction cell (), and which reflects laser light; and a cryostat () which is configured to accommodate the light-transmissive reaction cell (), the metal mirror (), and a cryogenic liquid (), and which maintains a temperature of the metal mirror () at a cryogenic temperature by the cryogenic liquid (). 1. A photochemical reaction device , comprising:a light-transmissive reaction cell in which a process gas is supplied and a photochemical reaction is carried out with a laser light;a metal mirror which is set outside of the light-transmissive reaction cell so as to encompass said light-transmissive reaction cell, and which reflects the laser light;and a cryostat which accommodates the light-transmissive reaction cell, the metal mirror, and a cryogenic liquid, and which maintains a temperature of the metal mirror at a cryogenic temperature by the cryogenic liquid.2. The photochemical reaction device according to claim 1 , wherein a temperature of the metal mirror is 100 K or less.3. The photochemical reaction device according to claim 1 , wherein a vacuum insulation space exists between the light-transmissive reaction cell and the metal minor.4. The photochemical reaction device according to claim 1 , wherein the metal mirror is made of any one metal of gold claim 1 , silver claim 1 , copper claim 1 , and aluminum.5. The photochemical reaction device according to claim 4 , wherein a purity of the metal is 99.9999 or more.6. The photochemical reaction device according to claim 1 , wherein the metal mirror is a metal film.7. The photochemical reaction device according to claim 1 , wherein the light-transmissive reaction cell is made of quartz glass or acrylic resin.8. The ...

Production of Methane from Abundant Hydrate Deposits

Methods of dissociating and recovering methane from solid hydrate deposits are provided. A method for recovering methane from a methane hydrate includes at least applying electromagnetic radiation to the methane hydrate to dissociate the methane-water bond. Further provided is an apparatus for dissociating methane from a methane hydrate. The apparatus includes at least: an electromagnetic spectrum power source; a probe connected to the electromagnetic spectrum power source; an antenna connected to the distal end of the probe is capable of focusing a radiated beam into a target area of a methane hydrate; and a control system in communication with and capable of controlling the electromagnetic spectrum power source, the probe, and the antenna. 1. A method for dissociating methane from hydrate deposits , comprising:applying electromagnetic radiation to a hydrate deposit.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying electromagnetic radiation to a hydrate deposit located beneath the ocean's floor.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying electromagnetic radiation to a hydrate deposit located in a well bore.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying electromagnetic radiation to a hydrate deposit located in a deep water flow line.5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying electromagnetic radiation to a hydrate deposit in conjunction with leak containment systems.6. A method for recovering from a methane hydrate claim 1 , comprising:applying electromagnetic radiation to the methane hydrate to dissociate the methane-water bond.7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising applying electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.8. The method of claim 6 , further comprising applying electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range of about 23 THz to about 30 THz.9. The method of claim 6 , further comprising applying electromagnetic radiation with a COlaser.10. A method for recovering methane from a ...

METHOD FOR PREPARING CONDUCTIVE POLYMER DISPERSION, CONDUCTIVE POLYMER MATERIAL MADE THEREFROM AND SOLID ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR USING THE MATERIAL

The present invention provides a method for preparing a conductive polymer dispersion, including: adding a conductive compound, a polyanion, and an oxidant to a solvent; and polymerizing the conductive compound with microwaves. The present invention further provides a conductive polymer material made from the conductive polymer dispersion and a solid electrolyte capacitor using the conductive polymer material. Compared to a conventional method, the conductive polymer is prepared by the method of the present invention in a shorter time and environmental friendly. Moreover, the conductive polymer material made from the dispersion exhibits a high conductivity. 1. A method for preparing a conductive polymer dispersion , comprising:adding a conductive compound, a polyanion, and an oxidant to a solvent; andpolymerizing the conductive compound with microwaves.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymerization reaction is carried out with microwave energy at a power of 150 W to 1000 W.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the polymerization reaction is carried out with microwave energy at a power of 200 W to 950 W.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the polymerization reaction is carried out with microwave energy at a power of 300 W to 900 W.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the frequency of the microwaves is in the range of 2.0 MHZ to 3.0 MHZ.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymerization reaction is carried out in an inert environment.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive compound is selected from the group consisting of pyrrole claim 1 , thiophene claim 1 , and aniline and a derivative and oligomer thereof.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the oxidant is selected from the group consisting of an iron (III) salt claim 1 , an iron (III) salt of an organic acid claim 1 , a peroxosulfate claim 1 , a persulfate claim 1 , a perborate salt claim 1 , a copper salt claim 1 , and an inorganic ...

LASER PROCESSING METHOD

A planar object to be processed comprising a hexagonal SiC substrate having a front face forming an angle corresponding to an off-angle with a c-plane is prepared. Subsequently, the object is irradiated with pulse-oscillated laser light L along lines to cut such that a pulse pitch becomes 10 μm to 18 μm while locating a converging point P of the laser light L within the SiC substrate . Thereby, modified regions to become cutting start points are formed within the SiC substrate along the lines 1. A laser processing method for cutting a planar object to be processed comprising a hexagonal SiC substrate having a main surface forming an angle corresponding to an off-angle with a c-plane , along a line to cut;the method comprising the step of irradiating the object with pulse-oscillated laser light along the line such that a pulse pitch becomes 10 μm to 18 μm while locating a converging point of the laser light within the SiC substrate, thereby forming a modified region to become a cutting start point within the SiC substrate along the line.2. A laser processing method according to claim 1 , wherein the object is irradiated with the laser light along the line such that the pulse pitch becomes 12 μm to 14 μm.3. A laser processing method according to claim 1 , wherein the laser light is pulse-oscillated at a pulse width of 20 ns to 100 ns.4. A laser processing method according to claim 3 , wherein the laser light is pulse-oscillated at the pulse width of 50 ns to 60 ns.5. A laser processing method according to claim 1 , wherein the object is cut along the line from the modified region acting as a start point after forming the modified region.6. A laser processing method according to claim 1 , wherein the modified region includes a molten processed region. The present invention relates to a laser processing method for cutting a planar object to be processed comprising an SiC substrate along a line to cut.Attention has been drawn to SiC (silicon carbide) as a semiconductor ...

Mask-Less Fabrication of Thin Film Batteries

Thin film batteries (TFB) are fabricated by a process which eliminates and/or minimizes the use of shadow masks. A selective laser ablation process, where the laser patterning process removes a layer or stack of layers while leaving layer(s) below intact, is used to meet certain or all of the patterning requirements. For die patterning from the substrate side, where the laser beam passes through the substrate before reaching the deposited layers, a die patterning assistance layer, such as an amorphous silicon layer or a microcrystalline silicon layer, may be used to achieve thermal stress mismatch induced laser ablation, which greatly reduces the laser energy required to remove material.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PERFORMING QUANTUM CONTROL ON INFINITESIMAL QUANTA

A method for performing quantum control on infinitesimal quanta includes: an independent reaction space provision step, wherein at least one three-dimensional closed space is provided; an infinitesimal-quantum kinetic energy enhancement step, wherein differently shaped reaction elements are provided on at least one inner surface of each closed space, each reaction element having at least two slits and plural pores; a parameter control step counted by time with the unit of second, wherein at least a first reaction parameter is provided, and, upon occurrence thereof, wave control is performed on a corresponding one of the at least one closed space. The method provides an executable quantum control mechanism which is meaningful in terms of reaction and capable of modifying the properties of matter in a purely physical manner, such that a wavefunction is controlled to provide different energies, thereby providing assistance to environmental improvement techniques, agricultural techniques, and traditional medical techniques. 1. A method for performing quantum control on infinitesimal quanta , wherein quantum control is performed on infinitesimal quanta so as to modify properties of a to-be-processed matter , the method comprising:an independent reaction space provision step comprising: providing at least a three-dimensional closed space as a wavefunction having x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis that are equal in length with each other, wherein each said closed space defines therein a range of action for particles and waves of infinitesimal quanta, and the to-be-processed matter is placed in the at least a three-dimensional closed space for reaction;an infinitesimal-quantum kinetic energy enhancement step, comprising: providing reaction elements of different geometric shapes on at least one of adjacent inner surfaces of each said closed space, wherein each said reaction element is consisted of a plurality of mesh plates being overlapped in a predetermined order, and metal plates ...

DETECTION OF EMISSION RADIATION OF UV LIGHT EMITTING DIODE BY STRUCTURALLY IDENTICAL UV LIGHT RECEIVING DIODE

A UV light emitting diode (UV-LED) is arranged in a weathering chamber and a UV light receiving diode, which is constructed on the same material basis as the UV LED, is arranged relative to the UV LED in such a way that a portion of the radiation emitted by the UV LED impinges on the UV light receiving diode during the operation of the device. 1. A device for artificially weathering or testing the lightfastness of samples comprising:a weathering chamber;an ultraviolet radiation device arranged in the weathering chamber and having at least one ultraviolet light emitting diode; andan ultraviolet light receiving diode, which is constructed on the same material basis as the ultraviolet light emitting diode and is arranged relative to the ultraviolet light emitting diode in such a way that a portion of the radiation emitted by the ultraviolet light emitting diode impinges on the ultraviolet receiving diode during the operation of the device.2. The device as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising:a plurality of classes of ultraviolet light emitting diodes having different emission bands; anda corresponding plurality of ultraviolet light receiving diodes, wherein each of the ultraviolet light receiving diodes is constructed on a same material basis as any ultraviolet light emitting diode in one class.3. The device as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ultraviolet light emitting diode and the ultraviolet light receiving diode are arranged on a common carrier claim 1 , in particular a circuit board.4. The device as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ultraviolet light emitting diode and the ultraviolet receiving diode are oriented in the same way.5. The device as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ultraviolet light emitting diode and the ultraviolet receiving diode are not oriented in the same way claim 1 , in particular are tilted relative to one another.6. The device as claimed in claim 1 , wherein a coupling medium is arranged in the beam path of the portion impinging on the ...

STRUCTURE OF GRAPHENE OXIDE, THE METHOD OF FABRICATION OF THE STRUCTURE, THE METHOD OF FABRICATING FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR USING THE STRUCTURE

A sheet material has structures of graphene oxide and graphene in which the graphene oxide and the graphene are chemically connected and coexist to form a plane such that the plane is divided into a region of the graphene oxide and a region of the graphene. A method of reduction of graphene oxide includes providing a sheet material having at least one atomic layer of graphene oxide and a femtosecond laser apparatus that can emit a femtosecond laser shot in a controlled manner. A pulse shape and intensity of an electric field formed by the laser shot are tuned so that the laser shot can be emitted onto a region of the graphene oxide sheet in a controlled manner to selectively cause reduction of the graphene oxide of the region. 1. A sheet material , comprising structures of graphene oxide and graphene , wherein the graphene oxide and the graphene are chemically connected to form a plane , and the sheet material has a region of the graphene oxide and a region of the graphene which are divided on the plane.2. A method of reduction of graphene oxide , comprising the steps of:providing a sheet material comprising at least one atomic layer of graphene oxide and a femtosecond laser apparatus that can emit a femtosecond laser shot;tuning a pulse shape and an intensity of an electric field formed by the laser shot; andemitting the laser shot onto a region of the graphene oxide sheet in a controlled manner to reduce the graphene oxide on the region.3. The method of reduction of graphene oxide according to claim 2 , wherein the tuning step comprises:tuning the pulse of the laser shot to have 2 fs of the full width at the half-maximum of the pulse, a wavelength of the laser to be 800 nm, and an average intensity of the electric field for 4 fs of the full width time range to be negative with respect to a normal axis of the graphene layer; ortuning the pulse of the laser shot to have 2 fs of the full width at the half-maximum of the pulse, a wavelength of the laser to be 800 nm, ...

Polarized light splitting element

Provided are a polarized light splitting element, a method of manufacturing the same, a light radiating device, a method of radiating light, and a method of manufacturing an ordered photo-alignment film. The polarized light splitting element has excellent durability with respect to UV rays and heat, and low pitch dependence of polarization characteristics, so that it is easily manufactured. In addition, the polarized light splitting element may realize a high polarization degree and extinction ratio even in a short wavelength region.

Energizing Energy Converters By Stimulating Three-Body Association Radiation Reactions

In some embodiments, energy is released by converting the bonding potential energy between two electropositive masses capable of forming a stable bond between them into the kinetic energy of an electron quasiparticle initially captured between them by the coulomb potential. The electron quasiparticles form transient bonds with delocalized ions and other reactants in or on a reaction particle where reaction rates and branches are controlled by the choice of electron quasiparticle effective mass. Methods and apparatus for stimulating and controlling such association reactions are shown and described. Thermionic and semiconductor methods and apparatus convert the electron quasiparticle energy directly into electricity. Other embodiments are disclosed.

NANOMETER-SIZE-PARTICLE PRODUCTION APPARATUS, NANOMETER-SIZE-PARTICLE PRODUCTION PROCESS, NANOMETER-SIZE PARTICLES, ZINC/ZINC OXIDE NANOMETER-SIZE PARTICLES, AND MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE NANOMETER-SIZE PARTICLES

A nanometer-size-particle production apparatus is provided which can prevent the occurrence of waste fluids, and which makes quick and continuous syntheses feasible while suppressing damages to the electrode. 112-. (canceled)13. A nanometer-size-particle production apparatus for synthesizing nanometer-size particles in a liquid by means of plasma in liquid , the nanometer-size-particle production apparatus comprising:a container for accommodating said liquid therein;an electromagnetic-wave generation device for generating a high-frequency wave, or a microwave;an electrode conductor whose leading end makes contact with said liquid to supply said high-frequency wave or said microwave to said liquid;a covering portion being disposed into said liquid so as to cover a leading-end upside of said electrode conductor;a metallic chip being composed of a metal making a raw material of nanometer-size particles, and having a leading end that is disposed to face to the leading end of said electrode conductor; anda feed device for feeding out the leading end of said metallic chip with respect to the leading end of said electrode conductor;a leading-end section of said electrode conductor having a configuration that is a non-edge configuration; andsaid electrode conductor, except for the leading-end section, having an axially-orthogonal cross-sectional area that is larger than an axially-orthogonal cross-sectional area of said metallic chip.14. The nanometer-size-particle production apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the electrode conductor having the leading-end section whose configuration is a convexed arc shape.15. The nanometer-size-particle production apparatus according to claim 14 , comprising an electrode having: an inner conductor; a dielectric being disposed on an outer circumference of said inner conductor; and an outer conductor being disposed on an outer circumference of said dielectric;a leading end of said inner conductor, a leading end of said dielectric, ...

FLASH LAMPS IN A CONTINUOUS MOTION PROCESS

A system controls a group of flash lamps to provide energy to a work product in a continuous motion processes. The system can identify optimal relationships among various parameters, including the speed of the target material, the physical spacing of the flash lamps, the pulse frequency, and the flash sequence of the lamps. The systems can respond to changes in conditions to automatically adjust parameters. These systems can be applied to design practical sintering, annealing, and/or curing systems. 1. A flash lamp system for operating on a workpiece that is in the form of a sheet and that is in continuous motion comprising:a plurality of flash lamps, each of which for providing a flash of energy to the workpiece;a processor for controlling the flashing of the plurality of flash lamps to ensure that the workpiece sheet receives desired energy over a desired area, the processor controlling the flashing based on parameters including a line speed that the workpiece is moving relative to the flash lamps, the positioning of flash lamps relative to each other, the processor determining a frequency of flashing, and sequence and timing of the flash lamps, andwherein the processor is responsive to changes in conditions for automatically adjusting parameters used to cause the lamps to flash.2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the processor is responsive to changes in the line speed for automatically adjusting parameters used to cause the lamps to flash.3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the processor receives information regarding speed from a tachometer.4. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the processor is responsive to a lamp ceasing to function for automatically adjusting parameters used to cause the lamps to flash including the sequencing and timing for when the lamps flash.5. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the processor is responsive to a lamp ceasing to function for automatically adjusting the line speed.6. The system of claim 1 , ...

Method and system for graphene formation

A method for forming graphene includes providing a substrate and subjecting the substrate to a reduced pressure environment. The method also includes providing a carrier gas and a carbon source and exposing at least a portion of the substrate to the carrier gas and the carbon source. The method further includes performing a surface treatment process on the at least a portion of the substrate and converting a portion of the carbon source to graphene disposed on the at least a portion of the substrate.

Method and apparatus for restoring properties of graphene

A method and apparatus for restoring properties of graphene includes exposing the graphene to plasma having a density in a range from about 0.3*10 8 cm −3 to about 30*10 8 cm −3 when the graphene is in a ground state. The method and apparatus may be used for large-area, low-temperature, high-speed, eco-friendly, and silicon treatment of graphene.

NANO-ANTENNA AND METHODS FOR ITS PREPARATION AND USE

Nano-antennas with a resonant frequency in the optical or near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and methods of making the nano-antennas are described. The nano-antenna includes a porous membrane, a plurality of nanowires disposed in the porous membrane, and a monolayer of nanospheres each having a diameter that is substantially the same as a diameter of the nanowires. The nanospheres are electrically in series with the nanowires. 1. A method of manufacturing a nano-antenna , the method comprising:disposing a plurality of nanowires in a porous membrane, wherein each nanowire has a diameter; andplacing a monolayer of nanospheres electrically in series with the plurality of nanowires, wherein the nanospheres have substantially the same diameter as the nanowires.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising placing a polymer layer in electrical contact with the monolayer of nanospheres.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the polymer layer comprises a conductive layer.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein placing the polymer layer comprises placing the polymer layer over the monolayer of nanospheres.5. The method of claim 2 , wherein placing the polymer layer comprises placing the polymer layer electrically in series with the monolayer of nanospheres.6. The method of claim 2 , wherein each of the porous membrane claim 2 , the plurality of nanowires claim 2 , and the polymer layer are visibly transparent.7. The method of claim 2 , wherein each of the porous membrane claim 2 , the plurality of nanowires claim 2 , and the polymer layer are visibly translucent.8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the polymer layer comprises an insulating layer comprising one or more of polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) claim 2 , polymethyl methacralate (PMMA) claim 2 , polyethylene (PE) claim 2 , polystyrene (PS) claim 2 , polypropylene claim 2 , polyethylene terephthalate (PET) claim 2 , polycarbonate claim 2 , polyacrylate claim 2 , neoprene claim 2 , nylon claim 2 , polyvinyl chloride ...

Enhanced photo-catalytic cells

According to an embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus for ionizing air includes a first reflector and a first target. The first reflector receives direct UV energy (from a UV emitter) and reflects it to form reflected UV energy. The first target has an inner face that also receives direct UV energy (from the UV emitter). The first target also has an outer face that receives the reflected UV energy from the first reflector. The faces of the first target are coated with a photo-catalytic coating. The first target may also have passages between the faces.

MICROREACTOR FOR PHOTOREACTIONS

A microreactor for photoreactions includes a housing upper part, a lid plate made of a material that allows transmission of light, a flow path plate made of a material that suppresses light reflection and has a high thermal conductivity, and a housing lower part. Light is applied through a window of the housing upper part and the lid plate to a flow path of the flow path plate. The lid plate made of the material that allows transmission of light and the flow path plate made of the material that suppresses light reflection and has a high thermal conductivity are welded each other to form an integrated body. 1. A microreactor for photoreactions to proceed a photoreaction of a reactant or a plurality of reactants comprising:a flow path plate on which a flow path for passing the reactant or a plurality of reactants is formed, wherein the flow path plate is made of a material having a high thermal conductivity and suppressing light reflection.2. The microreactor for photoreactions according to claim 1 , whereinthe light reflectance of the flow path plate is 5.1% to 15.3% at a wavelength of light of 240 to 2600 nm.3. The microreactor for photoreactions according to claim 2 , whereinthe thermal conductivity of the flow path plate is 31.2 (W/(m·K)).4. The microreactor for photoreactions according to claim 3 , comprisinga lid plate made of a light transmitting material to be secured with the flow path plate in which the lid plate has a fluid inlet and a fluid exit formed at positions corresponding to a fluid inlet and a fluid exit formed to the flow path plate respectively.5. The microreactor for photoreactions according to claim 4 , comprising a housing upper part and a housing lower part for putting and fixing the lid plate and the flow path plate therebetween claim 4 , in which a fluid inlet and a fluid exit are formed to the housing upper part at positions corresponding to the fluid inlet and the fluid exit of the lid plate respectively.6. A microreactor device for ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS

A method of converting coal into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of micronized coal, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the coal and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 1. A process for converting coal to petroleum products , comprising:introducing coal having a particle size of less than about 100 microns into a reactor;introducing steam into the reactor;introducing particles of a catalytic material, absorbent of microwave energy into the reactor; andirradiating the catalytic material in the reactor with microwave energy to heat the catalyst and cause gasification of coal and steam to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide which react to produce petroleum products; wherebythe catalyst will accelerate an exothermic reaction between the carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce the petroleum products.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide produced in the reactor combines with the coal and/or hydrogen in the steam to form carbon monoxide which is consumed in the formation of the petroleum products.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein additional carbon dioxide is injected into the base of the reactor and whereby a substantial portion of the sum of carbon dioxide produced in the reaction plus the carbon dioxide injected into the reactor is converted to carbon monoxide which is consumed in the formation of the petroleum products.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises a vertical column having a base and a top claim 1 , the base having windows of a material transparent to microwaves and said microwaves are injected through the windows to react with the catalyst and initiate the process.5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the reaction products emerge from the top of the ...

Apparatus and method for rapidly producing synthetic gas from bio-diesel by-product using microwave plasma

Provided are an apparatus and a method for rapidly producing a synthetic gas from a bio-diesel byproduct using microwave plasma, in which, while a plasma flame is generated by a plasma generator and waste glycerin, a bio-diesel byproduct, as fuel, is gasified by being supplied to the generated plasma flame of high temperature, the fuel is supplied in various types to increase the contact time or the contact area with the plasma flame and thus promote gasification thereof and the contents of steam and oxygen supplied and the plasma power are controlled to increase the collection amount of combustible gas and thus allow rapid production of the synthetic gas.

NIOBIUM NITRIDE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME, NIOBIUM NITRIDE-CONTAINING FILM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME, SEMICONDUCTOR, SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE, PHOTOCATALYST, HYDROGEN GENERATION DEVICE, AND ENERGY SYSTEM

The present invention is a niobium nitride which has a composition represented by the composition formula NbNand in which a constituent element Nb has a valence of substantially +5. The method for producing the niobium nitride of the present invention includes the step of nitriding an organic niobium compound by reacting the organic niobium compound with a nitrogen compound gas. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. (canceled)14. (canceled)15. (canceled)16. A photocatalyst consisting of an optical semiconductor containing a niobium nitride which has a composition represented by the composition formula NbNand in which a constituent element Nb has a valence of substantially +5.17. A hydrogen generation device comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00016', 'claim 16'}, 'the photocatalyst according to ;'}an aqueous solution containing an electrolyte and being in contact with the photocatalyst; anda container containing the photocatalyst and the aqueous solution, whereinhydrogen is generated through decomposition of water in the aqueous solution by irradiation of the photocatalyst with light.18. An energy system comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00017', 'claim 17'}, 'the hydrogen generation device according to ;'}a fuel cell; anda line for supplying the hydrogen generated in the hydrogen generation device to the fuel cell.19. (canceled)20. (canceled)21. (canceled)22. (canceled)23. (canceled)24. (canceled)25. (canceled)26. (canceled)27. (canceled)28. A photocatalyst consisting of a niobium nitride-containing film containing a niobium nitride which has a composition represented by the composition formula NbNand in which a constituent element Nb has a valence of substantially +5.29. A hydrogen generation device comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00028', 'claim 28'}, 'the photocatalyst according to ;'}an aqueous solution containing an ...

In-situ generation of the molecular etcher carbonyl fluoride or any of its variants and its use

The molecular etcher carbonyl fluoride (COF 2 ) or any of its variants, are provided for, according to the present invention, to increase the efficiency of etching and/or cleaning and/or removal of materials such as the unwanted film and/or deposits on the chamber walls and other components in a process chamber or substrate (collectively referred to herein as “materials”). The methods of the present invention involve igniting and sustaining a plasma, whether it is a remote or in-situ plasma, by stepwise addition of additives, such as but not limited to, a saturated, unsaturated or partially unsaturated perfluorocarbon compound (PFC) having the general formula (C y F z ) and/or an oxide of carbon (CO x ) to a nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ) plasma into a chemical deposition chamber (CVD) chamber, thereby generating COF 2 . The NF 3 may be excited in a plasma inside the CVD chamber or in a remote plasma region upstream from the CVD chamber. The additive(s) may be introduced upstream or downstream of the remote plasma such that both NF 3 and the additive(s) (and any plasma-generated effluents) are present in the CVD chamber during cleaning.

Fluid treatment apparatus

A fluid treatment apparatus comprising: a reactor vessel defining a chamber and having an inlet and an outlet to allow fluid to flow through the chamber; a UV light source adapted to transmit light within the chamber; and a plurality of catalyst members comprising a catalytic outer surface, the catalyst members being freely contained within the chamber, wherein the apparatus is adapted to cause the catalyst members to move around within the chamber as fluid flows through the chamber.

METHOD FOR PHYSICALLY PROCESSING AND/OR HEATING MEDIA, IN PARTICULAR LIQUIDS, AND AN APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING THE METHOD

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for physically working and/or heating media, in particular liquids. The high expenditure of energy of the known methods can be avoided, with reduced environmental impact, by the hydrodynamically worked medium being exposed to polar and/or ionic electrochemical potentials and electrochemical signals RC AC 1. A method for physically processing and/or heating media , in particular liquids , wherein{'b': '9', 'a medium () is subject, entirely or only a part thereof, to an ionization and/or polarization, and at the same time to an electromagnetic interaction, or is subjected multiple times to such an action,'}{'b': 9', '9, 'in a molecule of the medium () and between its molecules, force bonds are attenuated, or change, or are weakly bonded in a supermolecular structure, which leads to a change in the physical and/or chemical properties of the medium, () and'}{'b': '9', 'which expresses said change in terms of fluidity, surface tension, absorption, rate of heat consumption and heat transfer, and thermal content/enthalpy, depending on the type of medium ().'}2. The method for physically processing and/or heating media claim 1 , in particular liquids claim 1 , as defined by claim 1 , wherein{'b': '9', 'the medium () is used as a technological pretreatment for further processing in physical, chemical, petrochemical, biotechnological, and similar technologies.'}3. The method for physically processing and/or heating media claim 1 , in particular liquids claim 1 , as defined by claim 1 , wherein{'b': '2', 'a polarized electrode () is formed of a material having a positive electrochemical potential, such as Cu, C, or of a material having a negative electrochemical potential, such as stainless steel, Fe, Al, as well as of further solid, liquid or gaseous materials, which are stored separately in the interior of a silicate or quartz casing, a pipe, or a test tube.'}4. The method for physically processing and/or heating media claim 1 ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCTING LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS

A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including COand a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 1. A process for converting carbon containing material to petroleum products , comprising:introducing the carbon containing material into a reactor;introducing steam into the reactor;introducing particles of a catalytic material, absorbent of microwave energy into the reactor; andirradiating the catalytic material in the reactor with microwave energy to heat the catalyst and cause gasification of carbon containing material and steam to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide which react to produce petroleum products; wherebythe catalyst will accelerate an exothermic reaction between the carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce the petroleum products.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide produced in the reactor combines with the carbon containing material and/or hydrogen in the steam to form carbon monoxide which is consumed in the formation of the petroleum products.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein additional carbon dioxide is injected into the base of the reactor and whereby a substantial portion of the sum of carbon dioxide produced in the reaction plus the carbon dioxide injected into the reactor is converted to carbon monoxide which is consumed in the formation of the petroleum products.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises a vertical column having a base and a top claim 1 , the base having windows of a material transparent to microwaves and said microwaves are injected through the ...

FLUID PROCESSING APPARATUS

A fluid processing assembly comprises a lumen for receiving at least one inlet stream and dispensing a primary product stream, and an energizing device for supplying energy to an energizable portion of the lumen. A primary product collection assembly is in fluid communication with the lumen for receiving the primary product stream. The energizable portion is positioned exterior to the primary product collection assembly. A pressurized gas source is downstream of the lumen. The pressurized gas source supplies pressurized gas to the primary product collection assembly for pressurizing at least a portion of the primary product collection assembly and the lumen. 1. A fluid processing assembly comprising:a) a lumen for receiving at least one inlet stream and dispensing a primary product stream;b) an energizing device for supplying energy to an energizable portion of the lumen;c) a primary product collection assembly in fluid communication with the lumen for receiving the primary product stream, the energizable portion positioned exterior to the primary product collection assembly; andd) a pressurized gas source downstream of the lumen, the pressurized gas source supplying pressurized gas to the primary product collection assembly for pressurizing at least a portion of the primary product collection assembly and the lumen.2. The fluid processing assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a tube claim 1 , the tube forming the lumen.3. The fluid processing assembly of claim 1 , wherein the energizing device comprises an irradiating device irradiating an irradiation zone claim 1 , the energizable portion within the irradiation zone.4. The fluid processing assembly of claim 3 , wherein the irradiating device comprises a microwave irradiating device.5. The fluid processing assembly of claim 4 , wherein the primary product collection assembly comprises a product collection vessel that is non-transparent to microwaves.6. The fluid processing assembly of claim 4 , wherein the lumen ...

DIRECT PHOTOCONVERSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO LIQUID PRODUCTS

A photocatalytic process is disclosed for the reduction of carbon dioxide and water. The process comprises reacting carbon dioxide and water in the presence of a photocatalytic composition that is irradiated with electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of from 200 to 700 nm. The photocatalytic composition is capable of chemisorbing carbon dioxide. 1. A photocatalytic process for the reduction of carbon dioxide and water , said process comprises the steps of:(a) providing a photocatalytic composition capable of chemisorbing carbon dioxide;(b) reacting carbon dioxide and water in the presence of the photocatalytic material while the photocatalytic composition is radiated with electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength in the range of from 200 nm to 700 nm.2. The photocatalytic process of claim 1 , wherein step (b) is carried out at a reaction temperature in the range of from 50° C. to 400° C.3. The photocatalytic process of claim 1 , wherein step (b) is carried out with water in its liquid form.4. The photocatalytic process of claim 1 , wherein step (b) is carried out with water in its vapor form.5. The photocatalytic process of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation comprises sunlight.6. The photocatalytic process of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic composition has a carbon dioxide chemisorption capacity of at least 0.15 mmole/g and a relative carbon dioxide pressure of 0.1 MPa.7. The photocatalytic process of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic composition comprises nanoparticles of a refractory oxide.8. The photocatalytic process of claim 7 , wherein the photocatalytic composition comprises nanoparticles of titania or ceria.9. The photocatalytic process of claim 8 , wherein the photocatalytic composition comprises titania and potassium.10. The photocatalytic process of claim 9 , wherein the photocatalytic composition comprises KO and TiO.11. The photocatalytic process of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic composition comprises ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR REDUCTION OF PATHOGENS IN A BIOLOGICAL FLUID USING VARIABLE FLUID FLOW AND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IRRADIATION

A system and method for reducing pathogens in a biological fluid such as whole blood or blood-derived products includes a pump configured to propagate the fluid through a serpentine-shaped flow path while exposing the fluid to UV irradiation. Extensive mixing of flow is accomplished by causing the pump to vary the flow of fluid. In embodiments, the pump may be operated to periodically switch the flow back and forth between a high flow rate and a slow flow rate. Alternatively, the pump may be periodically stopped or even cause the flow to reverse direction for short periods of time. 1. A method for reducing pathogens in a biological fluid , said method comprising a step of propagating the biological fluid through a UV-transparent flow path to expose thereof to UV light irradiation , wherein said propagating is conducted by at least once varying a rate of flow of the biological fluid through said flow path to cause mixing of the biological fluid and improved UV irradiation exposure.2. The method as in claim 1 , wherein said step of propagating the biological fluid including periodic changing of flow rate of the biologic fluid through said flow path.3. The method as in claim 1 , wherein said step of propagating the biological fluid including intermittent stopping or reversing of flow direction of the biological fluid in said flow path.4. The method as in claim 1 , wherein said biological fluid is blood or a blood product derived therefrom.5. The method as in claim 2 , wherein said changing of flow rate is periodic and repeatable.6. The method as in claim 2 , wherein said step of propagating the biological fluid includes a repeatable sequence of a first flow rate followed by a second flow rate of the biological fluid through said flow path.7. The method as in claim 6 , wherein said first rate of flow and said second rate of flow causing the biological fluid to propagate from an inlet to an outlet of said flow path claim 6 , one of said first rate of flow or said second ...

PONGAMIA COMPOSITIONS, METHODS OF PREPARING AND ANALYZING THEREOF, AND USES THEREOF

The present disclosure relates to pongamia compositions having low concentrations of karanjin and other active chemical components intrinsic to pongamia oilseeds, methods of preparing and using said pongamia compositions. The present disclosure also relates to methods of analyzing pongamia compositions, as well as uses of the pongamia compositions. 1. A method , comprising:combining a pongamia composition with an alkyl alkanoate solvent to provide an extraction mixture;irradiating the extraction mixture with microwave radiation to provide an irradiated mixture;separating the irradiated mixture into an extracted pongamia composition and an alkyl alkanoate extract; andmeasuring a karanjin concentration in the alkyl alkanoate extract.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkyl alkanoate solvent comprises ethyl acetate.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pongamia composition is a deoiled pongamia seedcake.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pongamia composition is obtained by mechanical extraction claim 1 , solvent extraction claim 1 , or a combination thereof.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring the karanjin concentration in the alkyl alkanoate extract comprises determining the karanjin concentration by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).6. A method claim 1 , comprising:mechanically extracting pongamia oilseeds to produce a deoiled pongamia seedcake, wherein the deoiled pongamia seedcake comprises 8-30% oil by weight;combining the deoiled pongamia seedcake with an alkyl alkanoate solvent to provide an extraction mixture; andseparating the extraction mixture into a miscella and a pongamia composition, wherein the pongamia composition is a meal having (i) a karanjin concentration that is less than 20% of the karanjin concentration in the deoiled pongamia seedcake or (ii) a karanjin concentration that is less than or equal to 100 ppm.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the pongamia composition has a karanjin concentration less than or equal to 100 ...

Apparatus for treating a substance with wave energy from an electrical arc and a second source

A substance is treated using a device having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is directed to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources as the substance passes through the device.

Photon Induced Molecular Change

In a practical application. Particles around a larger mass of particles will be more entangled with each other than particles that are out on their own. Therefore, on a plane with more particles the particles examined will be more greatly entangled and corresponding actions on these particles will change corresponding action from the particles already entangled with the atoms in question. 1. Particles around an array of photons which engage in the action of entangling the particles with each other as much as is desired.2. This entanglement creates a situation where an act on one particle creates a subsequent action on the particle entangled with it.3. Desired entanglement of particles; a “pull” is created within the field where the particles are entangled as one action on a particle creates an action on the others. Not ApplicableNot ApplicableNot ApplicableNot ApplicableIn a practical application. Particles around a larger mass of particles will be more entangled with each other than particles that are out on their own. Therefore, on a plane with more particles the particles examined will be more greatly entangled and corresponding actions on these particles will change corresponding action from the particles already entangled with the atoms in question.A problem exists explaining the action of gravity. In a practical application. Particles around a larger mass of particles will be more entangled with each other than particles that are out on their own. On a plane with more particles the particles examined will be more greatly entangled and corresponding actions on these particles will change corresponding action from the particles already entangled with the atoms in question.Particles around an array of photons which engage in the action of entangling the particles with each other as much as is desired. This entanglement creates a situation where an act on one particle creates a subsequent action on the particle entangled with it. With enough entangled particles a ...

Virtual photon catalysis apparatus and method for catalytic treatment by using the virtual photon catalysis apparatus

A virtual photon catalysis apparatus and a method for catalytic treatment using the virtual photon catalysis apparatus. The virtual photon catalysis apparatus includes a housing; and a catalysis unit built in the housing, including a rectangular magnet group, a magnetic force enhancing post, and a magnetically permeable shoe, where an SS pole and an NN pole of a rectangular magnet in the rectangular magnet group form a magnetic field line of a corresponding magnetic field center, the magnetic force enhancing post is used for enhancing a magnetic force from the magnetic field center to a corresponding magnetic field edge, and the magnetically permeable shoe transfers and centralizes the magnetic field from the magnetic field center to the corresponding magnetic field edge, where an angle between junctions between two ends of the magnetically permeable shoe and a central wall of the magnetically permeable shoe is greater than 90 degrees.

METHOD FOR TREATING RAW-MATERIAL POWDER, APPARATUS FOR TREATING RAW-MATERIAL POWDER, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING OBJECT

A method for treating a raw-material powder includes forming a layer of the raw-material powder and removing oxide film formed on a surface of the raw-material powder from which the layer has been formed. 1. An apparatus for treating a raw-material powder in an object production system that uses powder bed fusion , the apparatus comprising:an evacuable enclosure;atmosphere generator configured to generate, in the enclosure, an atmosphere containing hydrogen and/or an inert element;a powder container located in the enclosure and electrically insulated from the enclosure;a forming unit configured to form a layer of the raw-material powder in the powder container; andan energizing unit configured to generate plasma in said atmosphere by applying an AC voltage to the layer formed by the forming unit, wherein the energizing unit has an electrode arranged to come into contact with the layer and apply the AC voltage to the layer in the powder container.2. The apparatus according to for treating a raw-material powder claim 1 , wherein a surface of the powder container that comes into contact with the layer is insulating.3. The apparatus according to for treating a raw-material powder claim 1 , wherein the energizing unit capable of superposing the AC voltage with a negative DC voltage.4. The apparatus according to for treating a raw-material powder claim 1 , wherein the apparatus further comprising a heater claim 1 , as a component of the powder container claim 1 , arranged to heat the layer.5. An object production system that uses powder bed fusion claim 1 , the object production system comprising:an apparatus for treating a raw-material powder; an evacuable enclosure;', 'atmosphere generator configured to generate, in the enclosure, an atmosphere containing hydrogen and/or an inert element;', 'a powder container located in the enclosure and electrically insulated from the enclosure;', 'a forming unit configured to form a layer of the raw-material powder in the powder ...

HIERARCHICAL MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE-ENZYME MESOPOROUS ASSEMBLIES EMBEDDED IN MACROPOROUS SCAFFOLDS

A hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous or particulate macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, wherein an enzyme is embedded in mesopores of the mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles. Methods for synthesizing the hierarchical catalyst composition are also described. Also described are processes that use the recoverable hierarchical catalyst composition for depolymerizing lignin remediation of water contaminated with aromatic substances, polymerizing monomers by a free-radical mechanism, epoxidation of alkenes, halogenation of phenols, inhibiting growth and function of microorganisms in a solution, and carbon dioxide conversion to methanol. Further described are methods for increasing the space time yield and/or total turnover number of a liquid-phase chemical reaction that includes magnetic particles to facilitate the chemical reaction, the method comprising subjecting the chemical reaction to a plurality of magnetic fields of selected magnetic strength, relative position in the chemical reaction, and relative motion. 122.-. (canceled)23. A method for epoxidation reactions of alkenes , the method comprising reacting alkenes in the presence of oxygen with a hierarchical catalyst composition comprising a continuous macroporous scaffold in which is incorporated self-assembled mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles containing an oxygen-transfer enzyme embedded in mesopores of said mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles , to produce an alkene oxide.24. The method of claim 23 , wherein said oxygen-transfer enzyme is a chloroperoxidase or a lipase.2539.-. (canceled)40. The method of claim 23 , further comprising magnetic particles claim 23 , not belonging to said mesoporous aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles claim 23 , embedded in said continuous macroporous scaffold.41. The method of claim 23 , wherein said continuous macroporous scaffold has a polymeric composition.42 ...

CHEMICAL REACTION APPARATUS

A chemical reaction apparatus includes: a horizontal flow-type reactor inside of which has been partitioned into multiple chambers by a partition plate, and a liquid content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove; a microwave generator that generates microwaves; and at least one waveguide that transmits the microwaves generated by the microwave generator to the unfilled space in the reactor. The reactor has a shape in which an area of a liquid surface does not change even in a case where a height of the liquid surface changes according to a change in an amount of the content. 1. A chemical reaction apparatus , comprising:a horizontal flow-type reactor inside of which has been partitioned into multiple chambers by a partition plate, and a liquid content horizontally flows with an unfilled space being provided thereabove;a microwave generator that generates microwaves; andat least one waveguide that transmits the microwaves generated by the microwave generator to the unfilled space in the reactor;wherein the reactor has a shape in which an area of a liquid surface does not change even in a case where a height of the liquid surface changes according to a change in an amount of the content.2. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the reactor has a shape in which the area of the liquid surface does not change according to a change in the amount of the content claim 1 , as long as the amount of the content is within a predetermined range.3. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the reactor has a shape in which a cross-section in a liquid surface direction of the content does not change claim 2 , as long as the amount of the content is within the predetermined range.4. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one agitation unit that rotationally agitates the content inside the reactor.5. The chemical reaction apparatus according to claim 4 , a rotational ...

Device for reducing airborne contaminants

A photocatalytic system for reducing airborne contaminants using an ultraviolet (UV) emitter and photocatalytic cells, the system comprises a housing comprising a front side having an opening therethrough, and a rear side opposite the front side, the rear side also having an opening therethrough. A first photocatalytic cell is located in the housing adjacent to the front side. Likewise, a second photocatalytic cell located in the housing adjacent to the rear side. A unitary removable structure slidably positionable within the housing between the first photocatalytic cell and the second photocatalytic cell.

METHOD AND RELATED ARRANGEMENT FOR DEVULCANIZATION OF VULCANIZED RUBBER

A method for devulcanization of rubber feedstock and a related arrangement are provided. The method includes doping rubber feedstock with a photoactive substance (), configured to activate upon exposure thereof to external radiation of a predetermined wavelength; and further exposing cured rubber feedstock to the external radiation of the predetermined wavelength. Radiation exposure results, upon photoactive substance activation, in initiation of selective scission of intermolecular crosslinks, such as sulfur crosslinks, in the vulcanized rubber elastomers. The photoactive substance may be configured to initiate an excitation emission response and/or chemical reaction. The photoactive substance is preferably selected from semiconducting nanocrystals, such as quantum dots. An arrangement for carrying out the method is presented. 1200. A method () for devulcanization of rubber feedstock , optionally scrap vehicle tyres , comprising{'b': 204', '208, 'obtaining vulcanized rubber feedstock provided with at least one predetermined photoactive substance, the substance being configured, in response to exposure thereof to external radiation of predetermined first wavelength, to initiate selective scission of intermolecular crosslinks, preferably at least sulfur crosslinks, in the vulcanized rubber elastomers within the effective range thereof (, );'}{'b': '212', 'exposing vulcanized rubber feedstock provided with said at least one said photoactive substance to external, substantially rubber-penetrating, radiation of said first wavelength so as to initiate the response reaction of selective scission of the intermolecular crosslinks in the vulcanized rubber elastomers ().'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the external radiation substantially comprises or consists of x-rays.3104102106108. The method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one photoactive substance comprises a scintillator or generally luminescent substance () configured to emit claim 1 , in response to external ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PLASMA SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES

Apparatus and method for plasma synthesis of carbon nanotubes couple a plasma nozzle to a reaction tube/chamber. A process gas comprising a carbon-containing species is supplied to the plasma nozzle. Radio frequency radiation is supplied to the process gas within the plasma nozzle, so as to sustain a plasma within the nozzle in use, and thereby cause cracking of the carbon-containing species. The plasma nozzle is arranged such that an afterglow of the plasma extends into the reaction tube/chamber. The cracked carbon-containing species also pass into the reaction tube/chamber. The cracked carbon-containing species recombine within the afterglow, so as to form carbon nanotubes in the presence of a catalyst. 1. Apparatus for plasma synthesis of carbon nanotubes , comprising:a plasma nozzle coupled to a reaction tube or chamber;means for supplying a process gas to the plasma nozzle, the process gas comprising a carbon-containing species;means for supplying radio frequency radiation to the process gas within the plasma nozzle, so as to sustain a plasma within the nozzle in use, and thereby cause cracking of the carbon-containing species; andmeans for providing a catalyst;wherein the plasma nozzle is arranged such that an afterglow of the plasma extends into the reaction tube/chamber, the cracked carbon-containing species also pass into the reaction tube/chamber, and the cracked carbon-containing species recombine within the afterglow, so as to form carbon nanotubes in the presence of the catalyst.246-. (canceled)47. A method of synthesising carbon nanotubes , the method comprising:coupling a plasma nozzle to a reaction tube or chamber;supplying a process gas to the plasma nozzle, the process gas comprising a carbon-containing species;supplying radio frequency radiation to the process gas within the plasma nozzle, so as to sustain a plasma within the nozzle, and thereby cause cracking of the carbon-containing species; andproviding a catalyst;wherein the plasma nozzle is ...

Method For Directly Reducing A Material By Means Of Microwave Radiation

The present invention relates to the reduction of materials at low temperatures (<600° C.) by means of microwave radiation without needing to use chemical reducing agents or electrical contacts. It relates more specifically to a method for reducing a material, which comprises the following steps: 1. A process for the reduction of a material , comprising the following steps:applying microwave radiation to a material placed in a microwave applicator cavity,heating to at least exceeding a shot temperature in the material, andseparating fluid oxidation products generated from the reduced material,such that the process is carried out without using reducing chemical agents,wherein the material is an inorganic material,and wherein the shot temperature is a temperature at which electrical conductivity of the material is increased at least 4% within a 4° C. temperature increase with respect to the electrical conductivity of the material without reduction.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the process is carried out without use of electrical contacts.3. The process according to wherein the steps are carried out in a container that has the ability to evacuate fluids.4. The process according to wherein the step of applying microwave radiation produces a temperature increase between 50-200° C.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the material that is reduced is in one of a solid state claim 1 , a melted state claim 1 , a suspension in a liquid claim 1 , or a solution in a liquid.6. The process according to claim 5 , wherein the liquid is water or a hydrocarbon able to be in a liquid state at the conditions at which the process takes place.7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the separation of the fluid oxidation products generated from the reduced material is carried out by means of one of:the application of vacuum,the use of an entrainment fluid,use of a reactive fluid that consumes the reduced material,use of a selective separator of the generated ...