СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ТОПЛИВА ИЗ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННОГО ВОЛОКНИСТОГО МАТЕРИАЛА (ВАРИАНТЫ) И СПОСОБ УПЛОТНЕНИЯ ВОЛОКНИСТОЙ КОМПОЗИЦИИ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОЙ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ТОПЛИВА

Изобретение относится к получению топлива из волокнистого материала. Каждый из вариантов способа предусматривает резку источника волокна с получением первого волокнистого материала и пропускание последнего через сито с получением второго волокнистого материала, который имеет относительно высокую удельную площадь поверхности, относительно высокую пористость и относительно низкую объемную плотность. Затем второй волокнистый материал объединяют с дрожжами, и/или бактерией, и/или ферментом для получения топлива. Второй вариант способа предусматривает проведение гидролиза волокнистого материала перед внесением дрожжей, и/или бактерии, и/или ферментов. Способ уплотнения волокнистой композиции предусматривает помещение композиции, полученной объединением резанного и пропущенного через сито волокнистого материала с бактерией и/или ферментом, в пакет из газонепроницаемого материала и удаление из него газа. Изобретения позволяют сократить время при производстве топлива за счет того, что волокнистый ...

СПОСОБ ПРЕВРАЩЕНИЯ ТРУДНО КОНВЕРТИРУЕМЫХ ОКСИГЕНАТОВ В БЕНЗИН

Изобретение относится к вариантам способа превращения оксигенированных органических соединений в углеводороды, один из которых включает стадии: (а) введения сырьевого потока синтез-газа в секцию синтеза для получения легко конвертируемых оксигенатов, (b) пропускания выходящего из указанной секции синтеза потока, содержащего легко конвертируемые оксигенаты, в секцию синтеза бензина, (с) пропускания выходящего из указанной секции синтеза бензина потока в сепаратор и извлечения из указанного сепаратора углеводородов, кипящих в интервале кипения бензиновой фракции, (d) смешения рециркулирующего из сепаратора потока, содержащего непрореагировавший синтез-газ и летучие углеводороды, с сырьевым потоком синтез-газа стадии (а), (е) введения сырьевого материала, содержащего трудно конвертируемые оксигенаты, в секцию синтеза стадии (а), в котором легко конвертируемые оксигенаты включают соединения, выбранные из группы, состоящей из метанола, этанола, диметилового эфира, ацетона, пропанола, диэтилового ...

СПОСОБ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ТЯЖЕЛОЙ НЕФТИ И БИТУМА

Настоящее изобретение относится к способу переработки тяжелой нефти или битума с получением синтетических углеводородных продуктов, включающему: (а) обеспечение источника исходного сырья, содержащего тяжелую нефть или битум, (б) обработку указанного исходного сырья с образованием одной или большего количества перегнанных фракций и неперегоняемой низшей фракции, (в) подачу указанной низшей фракции в контур получения сингаза для получения потока сингаза, обедненного водородом, за счет реакции некаталитического частичного окисления, при этом в упомянутом потоке сингаза, обедненного водородом, отношение Н:СО составляет от приблизительно 0,5:1 до приблизительно 1:1, и взаимодействие указанного сингаза в реакторе Фишера-Тропша с синтезированием углеводородных продуктов, (г) добавление внешнего источника водорода к указанному обедненному водородом сингазу для оптимизации синтеза упомянутых синтетических углеводородных продуктов, по меньшей мере один из которых представляет собой синтетическое ...

СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА БИОУГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ ПУТЕМ ТЕРМИЧЕСКОГО КРЕКИНГА ИЗОПАРАФИНОВ

Изобретение относится к способу производства биоуглеводородов. Способ производства биоуглеводородов включает в себя: стадию обеспечения изомерного сырьевого материала, полученного из биологически возобновляемого сырья и содержащего С10-С20-углеводороды в количестве более 50% по массе, предпочтительно не менее 75% по массе, более предпочтительно не менее 90% по массе, причем содержание С10-С20-углеводородов с четным числом атомов в углеродной цепи предпочтительно более 50% по массе, и ароматические соединения в количестве не более 1,0% по массе, предпочтительно не более 0,5% по массе, более предпочтительно не более 0,2% по массе, и олефины в количестве менее 2,0% по массе, предпочтительно не более 1,0% по массе, более предпочтительно не более 0,5% по массе, и стадию крекинга, на которой выполняют термический крекинг изомерного сырьевого материала для получения биоуглеводородов, причем термический крекинг на стадии крекинга проводят при температуре на выходе из змеевика (ТВЗ) не выше 825° ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ АРОМАТИЧЕСКИХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ

Изобретение относится к способу получения низкомолекулярных ароматических соединений. Способ получения низкомолекулярных ароматических соединений из черного щелока включает: предоставление черного щелока, который является производным от щелочной обработки древесной щепы, где древесная щепа является производной от твердой древесины; подвергание черного щелока обработке пиролизом, чтобы получить от пиролизованного черного щелока газ и массив твердотельного вещества, содержащий обуглившееся вещество и соли, в первом реакторе, где соли являются, в основном, производными от обработки черного щелока; приведение по меньшей мере части газа от пиролизованного черного щелока в контактирование с катализатором во втором реакторе, который отличается от первого реактора, чтобы предоставить конверсионную обработку для получения на выходе продукта конверсии; извлечение низкомолекулярных ароматических соединений из продукта конверсии. Технический результат – более высокий суммарный выход низкомолекулярных ...

СПОСОБЫ ДЕОКСИГЕНАЦИИ ТАЛЛОВОГО МАСЛА И ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ИЗ НЕГО ПОЛИМЕРИЗУЕМЫХ МОНОМЕРОВ

Изобретение относится к способу деоксигенации таллового масла и получения полимеризуемых мономеров. Способ получения полимеризуемых мономеров из таллового масла включает следующие стадии: введение сульфированного сырого таллового масла и газообразного водорода в каталитический слой; каталитическая деоксигенация масла водородом в каталитическом слое при температуре от 280°С до 350°С при использовании сульфидированного металлического катализатора; охлаждение выходящего из каталитического слоя потока; отделение углеводородсодержащей жидкой фазы от газообразной фазы; паровой крекинг углеводородсодержащей жидкости с получением продукта, содержащего полимеризуемые олефины. Технический результат – повышенный выход алифатических и неароматических циклических углеводородов на стадии деоксигенизации, что приводит к повышенному выходу впоследствии полимеризуемых мономеров. 11 з.п. ф-лы,1 ил., 1 табл., 1 пр.

СПОСОБЫ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНЫХ КОМПОЗИЦИЙ С ПОНИЖЕННЫМ КИСЛОТНЫМ ЧИСЛОМ И ДЛЯ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ КОРОТКОЦЕПОЧЕЧНЫХ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ

Изобретение относится к способу получения углеводородов из источника жирных кислот, включающему (a)нагревание источника жирных кислот с получением первой композиции, содержащей углеводороды и по меньшей мере одну свободную короткоцепочечную жирную кислоту; и (b)отделение по меньшей мере одной свободной короткоцепочечной жирной кислоты из первой композиции посредством процесса адсорбции или процесса ионного обмена. Описанные здесь способы обеспечивают эффективный способ удаления и выделения короткоцепочечных жирных кислот из углеводородов, которые образуются при нагревании источника жирных кислот. Короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты могут непрерывно выделяться и подаваться в реактор пиролиза, что, в свою очередь, повышает общую эффективность получения углеводородов. В качестве альтернативы, короткоцепочечные жирные кислоты могут быть выделены и использованы в других применениях. 27 з.п. ф-лы, 2 табл., 5 ил.

СПОСОБ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ НИТРИЛЬНЫЕ ИЛИ АМИННЫЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ГРУППЫ

Изобретение относится к способу переработки углеводородных соединений, содержащих по меньшей мере одну нитрильную (азотсодержащую) функциональную группу. Способ характеризуется тем, что он состоит в обработке упомянутых соединений на стадии гидродеазотирования путем реакции с водородом при абсолютном давлении водорода, лежащем в интервале от 0,1 до 10 МПа, при температуре, лежащей в интервале от 200°С до 500°С и в присутствии катализатора гидродеазотирования, причем нитрильные соединения выбраны из группы, содержащей метилглутаронитрил, этилсукцинонитрил, 2-пентеннитрил, 2-метил-2-бутеннитрил или их смеси, а также изомеры орто-TDA. Использование настоящего способа позволяет удалять азот из стоков, содержащих углеводороды. 8 з.п. ф-лы, 6 пр., 5 табл.

ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМАЯ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНАЯ КОМПОЗИЦИЯ

Изобретение относится к углеводородной композиции. Углеводородная композиция, пригодная в качестве топлива или топливного компонента, содержит от 10 до 40 масс.% неразветвленных C-алканов, от 0,1 до 15 масс.% ароматических C-углеводородов, из которых, по меньшей мере, 90 масс.% являются моноароматическими, и не более чем 1 масс.% в сумме кислородсодержащих соединений; причем в данной композиции суммарное содержание C-алканов составляет от 50 до 95 масс.%, а суммарное содержание C-алканов, ароматических C-углеводородов и C-циклоалканов составляет, по меньшей мере, 95 масс.%; и данные количества вычислены по отношению к массе композиции. Кроме того, заявлен способ изготовления композиции, ее применение и смешанное топливо. Технический результат – получение углеводородной композиции, которую можно использовать в качестве топливного компонента или топлива. Малое содержание кислородсодержащих компонентов в составе композиции обеспечивает устойчивость при хранении и меньшую разрушаемость автомобильных ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЖИДКИХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ

Изобретение относится к способу получения жидких углеводородов путем контактирования алифатического спирта с катализатором при температуре 300-400°С, объемной скорости подачи сырья 2,4-3,0 ч. При этом в качестве катализатора используют микро-мезопористый композит, полученный добавлением смеси, содержащей воду, бромид цетилтриметиламмония и гидроксид натрия, к смеси, состоящей из тетраэтилортосиликата, воды, гидроксида тетрапропиламмония и изопропоксида алюминия, подвергнутой воздействию микроволнового излучения, с последующими кристаллизацией полученной в результате смешения указанных смесей суспензии под воздействием микроволнового излучения и переводом образовавшегося просушенного и прокаленного осадка в водородную форму. Использование предлагаемого изобретения позволяет повысить конверсию сырья, повысить выход и качество целевого продукта. Проведение описываемого способа при атмосферном давлении способствует удешевлению процесса. 3 ил., 2 табл.

СПОСОБ И УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ БЕНЗИНА ИЗ ЖИДКИХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНЫХ ФРАКЦИЙ, ОКСИГЕНАТОВ И ОЛЕФИН-СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ГАЗОВ

Изобретение относится к способу получения бензинов, в котором в качестве сырья используют три потока, один из которых включает углеводородную фракцию, второй поток включает оксигенат, третий поток включает олефин-содержащую фракцию, содержащую олефины С2-С4в общем количестве от 10 до 50 мас.%,и где используют три реакционные зоны, заполненные цеолитным катализатором, с распределением углеводородной фракции в по меньшей мере одну реакционную зону, с распределением олефин-содержащей фракции в три реакционные зоны, с распределением оксигената в три реакционные зоны, причем разогрев слоя катализатора в каждой реакционной зоне составляет от 5 до 35°С, для каждой полки реактора температура катализата на выходе из слоя катализатора превышает температуру подачи сырья на данную полку реактора. Изобретение также касается установки для получения бензинов. Технический результат - сглаживание температурного профиля катализатора, получение бензина с ОЧИ выше 90 ед. при содержании ароматических углеводородов ...

Катализатор и способ его получения

Изобретение относится к катализатору и способу получения катализатора для производства бензинов или концентратов ароматических соединений. Катализатор особенно эффективен для процессов совместной переработки углеводородных фракций, оксигенатов и олефин-содержащих фракций. Достигается увеличение межрегенерационного периода работы катализатора до более 450 часов; увеличение выхода фракции С5+углеводородного продукта; снижение селективности образования метана и олефинов С2-С4. Катализатор включает цеолит ZSM-5 в количестве от 50.0 до 85.0 мас.%, связующее, оксиды цинка и редкоземельных элементов; объем пор катализатора от 0.15 до 0.26 см3/г, средний диаметр пор катализатора от 38 до 53 соотношение слабых и сильных кислотных центров катализатора от 2.2 до 3.5. Способ получения катализатора включает: смешение HZSM-5, пептизированного псевдобемита и затем кремнезоля с рН 8-10 для получения формовочной массы, формование, сушка и прокаливание формовочной массы с получением катализаторной композиции ...

СПОСОБ ОБЕССЕРИВАНИЯ БЕНЗИНА

... 1. Способ обработки бензина, содержащего диолефины, олеины и серосодержащие соединения, включая меркаптаны, причем указанный способ включает в себя следующие стадии:a) проводят стадию демеркаптизации путем добавления по меньшей мере части меркаптанов к олефинам путем приведения в контакт бензина по меньшей мере с первым катализатором при температуре от 50 до 250°С, давлении от 0,4 до 5 МРа и с объемной скоростью жидкости (LHSV) от 0,5 до 10 ч, при этом первый катализатор представляет собой сульфид и содержит первый носитель, по меньшей мере один металл, выбранный из группы VIII, и по меньшей мере один металл, выбранный из группы VIb Периодической таблицы элементов, причем первый катализатор имеет следующие характеристики:носитель, состоящий из гамма-модификации оксида алюминия с удельной поверхностью, составляющей от 180 до 270 м/г,содержание металла группы VIb, выраженное в форме оксида, составляет от 4 до 20 мас.% по отношению к общей массе катализатора,содержание металла группы VIII, ...

НЕПРЕРЫВНЫЙ СПОСОБ КОНВЕРСИИ ЛИГНИНА В СОЕДИНЕНИЯ, ПОДХОДЯЩИЕ ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

... 1. Непрерывный способ конверсии лигнинового сырья, содержащего лигнин, причем указанный способ включает:дезоксигенирование лигнина до совокупности продуктов конверсии лигнина в реакторе для конверсии лигнина, содержащем содержимое реактора, содержащее жидкую композицию, содержащую по меньшей мере одно соединение, являющееся жидкостью при 1 бар и 25°C; и при этом одновременное непрерывное выведение по меньшей мере части совокупности продуктов конверсии лигнина из реактора;где конверсию лигнина проводят путем приведения лигнина в контакт с водородом и первым катализатором; иконверсию лигнина проводят при температуре конверсии лигнина и давлении конверсии лигнина, где температура конверсии лигнина находится в интервале выше температуры кипения указанной жидкой композиции при атмосферном давлении и ниже критической температуры жидкой композиции, а давление конверсии лигнина выше давления в пузырьке указанной жидкой композиции при температуре конверсии лигнина, при этом давление конверсии лигнина ...

Катализатор и способ получения фракции ароматических и алифатических углеводородов из растительного масла

Изобретение относится к области гетерогенно-каталитических превращений органических соединений, а именно к каталитическому превращению возобновляемого сырья - растительных масел в алкан-ароматическую фракцию углеводородов С-С, которая может быть использована для получения компонентов моторных топлив. Предложен катализатор получения ароматических и алифатических углеводородов из растительного масла, имеющий следующий состав, мас. %: Pd - 0,1-0,8, Ag - 0,2 -1,6, AlO- 20-40, цеолит MFI (силикатный модуль 30) – остальное, а также способ получения ароматических и алкановых углеводородов из растительных масел в присутствии указанного катализатора в атмосфере водорода при давлении 10-50 атм при температуре 280-400°С и объемной скорости 0,4-24 ч, в котором в качестве сырья используют подсолнечное масло, рапсовое масло, арахисовое масло, кукурузное масло, касторовое масло, масла, вырабатываемые специальными культурами водорослей, такими как: Scenedesmus dimorphus, Spirogyra sp., Euglena gracilis ...

ПРОЦЕСС ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЖИДКИХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ ПУТЕМ РАСЩЕПЛЕНИЯ МОЛЕКУЛ УГЛЕРОДА И ВОДОРОДА

... 1. Процесс получения жидких углеводородов путем расщепления молекул углерода и водорода, состоящий из нескольких этапов: первый этап - физико-механический, последующие этапы - химические. ! 2. Процесс по п.1, отличающийся использованием молекул углерода и водорода из такого сырья, как биомасса, отходы лечебных учреждений, городские твердые отходы и любые другие. ! 3. Процесс по п.2, отличающийся тем, что на первом его физико-механическом этапе происходит измельчение сырья, его обработка металлическими ножами и трение или растирание экзотермическими элементами с целью повышения температуры и провоцирования расщепления на молекулярном уровне. ! 4. Процесс по п.3, отличающийся тем, что на втором этапе, химическом, происходят желаемые реакции с известными реактивами, ведущие к процессу получения жидких углеводородов. ! 5. Процесс по п.4, отличающийся тем, что на первом этапе происходит отбор, сушка и контролированное повышение температуры сырья с целью удаления воды посредством теплообменников ...

ОБРАБОТКА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ГИДРООЧИСТКИ И ДЕПАРАФИНИЗАЦИИ ДЛЯ УЛУЧШЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ЗАМЕРЗАНИЯ ТОПЛИВА ДЛЯ РЕАКТИВНЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ

... 1. Способ получения топлива для реактивных двигателей из сырья керосиновой фракции, включающий: ! - гидроочистку сырья керосиновой фракции в присутствии катализатора гидроочистки в условиях гидроочистки с получением гидроочищенного сырья керосиновой фракции; ! - депарафинизацию гидроочищенного сырья керосиновой фракции в присутствии катализатора, включающего молекулярное сито 1-D с десятичленными кольцами, в условиях депарафинизации с получением гидродепарафинизированного сырья керосиновой фракции и ! - фракционирование гидродепарафинизированного сырья керосиновой фракции с получением топлива для реактивных двигателей. ! 2. Способ по п.1, в котором сырье керосиновой фракции имеет интервал температур кипения от 149 до 343°С. ! 3. Способ по п.1, в котором условия гидроочистки включают температуру от 280 до 400°С, давление от 1480 до 20786 кПа (от 200 до 3000 фунтов/кв. дюйм), часовую объемную скорость жидкости от 0,1 до 10 ч-1 и расход газообразного водорода для обработки от 89 до 1780 м3 ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ БИОДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ТОПЛИВА

СПОСОБЫ ДЕОКСИГЕНИРОВАНИЯ МАТЕРИАЛА НА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ОСНОВЕ И ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ТЕРЕФТАЛЕВОЙ КИСЛОТЫ НА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ОСНОВЕ И ОЛЕФИНОВЫХ МОНОМЕРОВ

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ РАЗВЕТВЛЕННОГО УГЛЕВОДОРОДНОГО КОМПОНЕНТА

... 1. Базовое масло, отличающееся тем, что базовое масло содержит разветвленные углеводороды, имеющие число атомов углерода по меньшей мере С18, оно содержит по меньшей мере 90% по весу насыщенных углеводородов, не более чем 15% по весу мононафтенов, и не более чем 1% по весу конденсированных динафтенов и полинафтенов, с индексом вязкости более чем 120, с базовым маслом биологического происхождения, и по меньшей мере 60% по весу насыщенных углеводородов, имеющих не более чем 5 атомов углерода. ! 2. Базовое масло по п.1, отличающееся тем, что базовое масло включает по меньшей мере 95% по весу насыщенных углеводородов, и по меньшей мере 75% по весу насыщенных углеводородов, имеющих не более чем 3 атома углерода. ! 3. Базовое масло по п.2, отличающееся тем, что оно включает по меньшей мере 97% по весу насыщенных углеводородов. ! 4. Базовое масло по любому из пп.1-3, отличающееся тем, что индекс вязкости базового масла составляет по меньшей мере 130. ! 5. Базовое масло по п.1, отличающееся тем ...

СПОСОБ И СИСТЕМА КОНВЕРСИИ МЕТАНОЛА В ЛЕГКИЙ ОЛЕФИН, БЕНЗИН И ДИСТИЛЛЯТ

... 1. Способ получения очищенного углеводорода, включающий:(а) обеспечение сырья, содержащего метанол, диметиловый эфир или их смесь;(б) приведение сырья в контакт с катализатором конверсии метанола в подходящих условиях с получением промежуточной композиции, содержащей олефины, имеющие по меньшей мере два атома углерода;(в) подачу промежуточной композиции к катализатору олигомеризации в подходящих условиях с получением компонентов с пределами температур кипения бензина и компонентов с пределами температур кипения дистиллята; и(г) разделение компонентов с пределами температур кипения бензина и компонентов с пределами температур кипения дистиллята.2. Способ по п.1, дополнительно включающий рециклизацию части выделенных компонентов с пределами температур кипения бензина, содержащих С олефины, в сырье для приведения в контакт с катализатором конверсии метанола с получением C разветвленных парафинов и С ароматических соединений.3. Способ по п.1, в котором рециклизация части выделенных компонентов ...

КОМПОЗИЦИИ ЖИДКОГО ТОПЛИВА НА ОСНОВЕ КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИ ДЕОКСИГЕНИРОВАННЫХ И КОНДЕНСИРОВАННЫХ ОКСИГЕНИРОВАННЫХ УГЛЕВОДОВ

... 1. Композиция жидкого топлива, содержащая фракцию перегонки компонента, содержащего, по меньшей мере, одно С4+ соединение, произведенное из растворимого в воде оксигенированного углеводорода, и полученного по способу, включающему: ! подачу воды и растворимого в воде оксигенированного углеводорода, содержащего C1+O1+ углеводород, в водной жидкой фазе и/или паровой фазе; ! подачу Н2; ! проведение каталитической реакции в жидкой и/или паровой фазе между оксигенированным углеводородом и Н2 в присутствии катализатора деоксигенирования при температуре деоксигенирования и давлении деоксигенирования для получения оксигената, содержащего в реакционном потоке C1+O1-3 углеводород; и ! проведение каталитической реакции в жидкой и/или паровой фазе для оксигената в присутствии катализатора конденсации при температуре конденсации и давлении конденсации для получения С4+ соединения, ! где С4+ соединение включает представителя, выбираемого из группы, состоящей из С4+ спирта, С4+ кетона, С4+ алкана, С4+ ...

СПОСОБ И КАТАЛИЗАТОР ГИДРОПЕРЕРАБОТКИ

... 1. Способ производства углеводородного топлива из возобновляемого органического материала биологического происхождения, предусматривающий стадии: ! (a) формирования исходного сырья путем комбинирования ископаемого углеводородного топлива с возобновляемым органическим материалом, где содержание возобновляемого органического материала составляет от 1 до 35 об.%; ! (b) смешивания исходного сырья из стадии (а) с обогащенным водородом газом и проведения объединенного потока на стадию гидродезоксигенирования путем контакта указанного объединенного потока с катализатором гидродезоксигенирования, ! где катализатор гидродезоксигенирования представляет собой нанесенный Мо катализатор, имеющий содержание Мо от 0,1 до 20 мас.%, причем носитель выбран из оксида алюминия, диоксида кремния, диоксида титана и их комбинаций, и указанный носитель имеет бимодальную пористую структуру с порами с диаметром более 50 нм, которые составляют по меньшей мере 2 об.% общего объема пор. ! 2. Способ по п.1, где обогащенный ...

ГИДРОПИРОЛИЗ СЫРЬЕВЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ БИОМАССУ

Processing biomass

PROCESSING MATERIALS

PROCESSING MATERIALS

PROCESSING BIOMASS

Process for the manufacture of diesel range hydrocarbons

Fibrous materials and compositions

PROCESSING BIOMASS

Processing biomass

Biofuel composition and method of producing a biofuel

Fibrous materials and compositions

Processing materials.

Manufacture of higher hydrocarbons from methane, via methanesulfonic acid, sulfene, and other pathways.

PROCESSING MATERIALS

Processing materials.

Processing biomass

Aluminophosphate molecular sieve, its synthesis and use

Processing biomass

Production of aromatics from noncatalytically cracked fatty acid based oils

A method for producing aromatic compounds from fatty acid oils including heating a fatty acid oil to a temperature between about 100° C to about 800° C at a pressure between about vacuum conditions and about 200 psia for a time sufficient to crack the oil and produce a cracked fatty acid oil; removing undesired materials, unreacted oil, heavy ends, and light ends from the cracked fatty acid oil; heating the resulting purified cracked fatty acid oil to a temperature between about 100° C to about 800° C at a pressure between about vacuum conditions and about 200 psia for a time sufficient to reform alkenes and alkanes in the cracked fatty acid oil into aromatic compounds and produce a reformed fatty acid oil; and extracting components from the reformed fatty acid oil to produce a mixture of chemical products containing between 5% and 90% aromatic compounds by weight.

Process for conversion of biomass to fuel

Systems and methods for solar-thermal gasification of biomass

A method, apparatus, and system for a solar-driven chemical plant that may include a solar thermal receiver having a cavity with an inner wall, where the solar thermal receiver is aligned to absorb concentrated solar energy from one or more of 1 ) an array of heliostats, 2) solar concentrating dishes, and 3) any combination of the two. Some embodiments may include a solar-driven chemical reactor having multiple reactor tubes located inside the cavity of solar thermal receiver, wherein a chemical reaction driven by radiant heat occurs in the multiple reactor tubes, and wherein particles of biomass are gasified in the presence of a steam (H2O) carrier gas and methane (CH4) in a simultaneous steam reformation and steam biomass gasification reaction to produce reaction products that include hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas using the solar thermal energy from the absorbed concentrated solar energy in the multiple reactor tubes.

TWO STAGE HYDROCARBON CONVERSION REACTION SYSTEM

System and process for the conversion of biomass

Digestion of cellulosic biomass to produce a hydrolysate may be accompanied by the formation of cellulosic fines which may be damaging to system components. Biomass conversion systems that may address the issue of cellulosic fines may comprise a fluid circulation loop comprising: a hydrothermal digestion unit; a solids separation unit that is in fluid communication with an outlet of the hydrothermal digestion unit; where the solids separation unit comprises a plurality of filters and the filters are in fluid communication with the fluid circulation loop in both a forward and a reverse flow direction; and a catalytic reduction reactor unit that is in fluid communication with an outlet of the solids separation unit and an inlet of the hydrothermal digestion unit; where at least one of the plurality of filters is in fluid communication with an inlet of the catalytic reduction reactor unit.

Gasoline manufacturing system or method

Provided is a system or method for manufacturing gasoline from natural gas, said system or method being particularly effective in a place wherein water usable for steam reforming cannot be easily obtained, for example, in a desert which is a natural gas producing place, or on the sea. This system for manufacturing gasoline from natural gas via methanol includes: subjecting natural gas to steam reforming in a steam reformer (20) to form a reformed gas; synthesizing methanol from the reformed gas in a methanol synthesizer (30); synthesizing gasoline from the methanol in a gasoline synthesizer (50); and subjecting water generated in the gasoline synthesizer (50) to reuse in the steam reformer (20) for steam reforming.

Process for producing hydrocarbon oil

Hydropyrolysis of biomass-containing feedstocks

Various techniques are disclosed for pretreating municipal solid waste (MSW) and other biomass-containing feedstocks that may be of a poorer quality and consequently more difficult, or even impossible, to convert to higher value liquid products (e.g., transportation fuels) using conventional processes. Such conventional processes may otherwise be satisfactory for the conversion of the biomass portion of the feedstock alone. The pretreatment of biomass-containing feedstocks may generally include steps carried out prior to a hydropyrolysis step and optionally further steps, in order to change one or more characteristics of the feedstock, rendering it more easily upgradable.

Separation process with modified enhanced hot separator system

A separation process with a modified enhanced hot separator system is described. The process eliminates undesirable entrainment while allowing for enhanced stripping of the net liquid only. The modified enhanced hot separator system combines a hot separator with a hot stripping column.

Method or system for recovering carbon dioxide

A method or system for recovering carbon dioxide is provided with which in a plant for synthesizing methanol from a hydrocarbon gas or synthesizing gasoline therefrom via methanol, the waste heat of a low-temperature reformed gas, which has conventionally been discarded and is difficult to reutilize, can be effectively utilized. In the system for synthesizing methanol or gasoline from a hydrocarbon gas and for recovering carbon dioxide, a reformed gas is produced by steam reforming of the hydrocarbon gas. Since a combustion discharge gas generates when a fuel gas is burned in order to obtain a heat source for the steam reforming, carbon dioxide is recovered from the combustion discharge gas in an absorption tower (40) using an absorption liquid. In a regeneration tower (10), the reformed gas is used first as a heat source for a first reboiler (20A) located at the tower bottom, and the reformed gas having a lowered temperature is then used as a heat source for a second reboiler (20B) located ...

MANUFACTURE OF HIGHER HYDROCARBONS FROM METHANE, VIA METHANESULFONIC ACID, SULFENE AND OTHER PATHWAYS

USE OF FREE FATTY ACIDS PRODUCED FROM BIO-SOURCED OILS&FATS AS THE FEEDSTOCK FOR A STEAMCRACKER

Use of fatty acids produced from a complex mixture of natural occurring oils & fats and/or of triglycerides deriving from said complex mixture as the feedstock of a steamcracker, by mixing the fatty acids with steam in a steam/feedstock ratio of at least 0.2 kg per kg, a coil outlet temperature of at least 700 °C and a coil outlet pressure of at least 1.2 bara in order to obtain cracking products including bio-ethylene, bio-propylene, bio-butadiene,bio-isoprene, bio-cyclopentadiene and bio-piperylenes, bio-benzene, bio-toluene, bio-xylene and bio-gasoline.

DEVICE FOR PREPARING BIO-OIL, SYSTEM FOR PREPARING BIO-OIL AND METHOD FOR PREPARING BIO-OIL USING THE SAME

A device for preparing bio-oil, a system for preparing bio-oil and a method for preparing bio-oil using the same are provided. Biomass is supplied to an inclined portion of a reactor, and high-temperature hot sand is supplied to an upper side of the biomass supplied to the inclined portion. Then, a heater heats the inclined portion. Thus, the fast pyrolysis performance of the biomass can be enhanced, thereby increasing the yield of bio-oil. Also, combustion gas produced from the heater is supplied to the interior of the reactor, so that the interior of the reactor can be simply formed under a nonoxidizing atmosphere. Accordingly, the device for preparing bio-oil can be manufactured into a very simple structure.

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR RENEWABLE FUEL

METHODS OF PROCESSING BIOMASS COMPRISING ELECTRON-BEAM RADIATION

The invention provides a method comprising converting a treated biomass feedstock to a product selected from the group consisting of alcohols, organic acids, sugars, hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof, utilizing an enzyme and/or a microorganism, wherein the treated biomass feedstock has been prepared by irradiating a biomass feedstock with an electron beam at a dose rate of at least 1.0 Mrad/s for a time sufficient to deliver from about 10 Mrad to about 150 Mrad of radiation to the biomass feedstock so as to render the irradiated biomass feedstock more susceptible to chemical, enzymatic and/or biological attack than the biomass feedstock prior to electron beam treatment, the biomass feedstock having been physically treated prior to electron beam irradiation by grinding, milling or shearing. The invention may be used to process biomass into a product selected from the group consisting of alcohols, organic acids, sugars, hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof.

FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING OF OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS

A process is disclosed for fluid catalytic cracking of oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds such as glycerol and bio-oil. In the process the oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds are contacted with a fluid cracking catalyst material for a period of less than 3 seconds. In a preferred process a crude-oil derived material, such as VGO, is also contacted with the catalyst.

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A HYDROCARBON COMPONENT

METHODS OF PROCESSING BIOMASS COMPRISING ELECTRON-BEAM RADIATION

This invention relates to a method of changing a molecular structure of a biomass feedstock. The method comprises processing a pretreated biomass feedstock to produce a product in which the processing comprises contacting with a microorganism and/or enzyme. The products are alcohols, organic acids, proteins, hydrocarbons, or sugars, and the pretreated biomass feedstock is obtained by pretreating a biomass feedstock using two or more different pretreatment methods that each change the molecular structure of the biomass feedstock. The different pretreatment method is radiation, sonication, pyrolysis, and/or oxidation.

PYROLYSIS REACTIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ALKENE

Described herein are methods for producing branched alkanes and branched alkenes from the pyrolysis of radical precursors. The branched alkanes and branched alkenes have numerous applications as fuels, platform chemicals, and solvents.

PROCESSING BIOMASS AND PETROLEUM CONTAINING MATERIALS

Biomass, (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

PROCESSING BIOMASS AND PETROLEUM CONTAINING MATERIALS

BIOGASOLINE

A process for the preparation of a biogasoline component comprising: (I) obtaining at least one biooil and, if necessary, liquefying the biooil compo nent; (II) adding the bio-oil in liquid form to a FCC unit along with at lea st one mineral oil; (III) cracking the components added to the FCC unit to f orm at least a bio-LPG fraction and a bio-naphtha fraction; (IV) alkylating or catalytically polymerising at least part of the bio-LPG fraction; and (V) combining at least a part of the product of step (IV) with at least a part of the bio-naphtha fraction to form a bio-gasoline component.

PROCESS FOR CONVERTING BIO-OIL

The present invention relates to a process for converting bio-oil, said process comprising the steps, where feedstock comprising bio-oil, which is selected from bio-oils and any fractions of bio-oils and any combinations thereof, is subjected to oxidation in the presence of an oxidant, under conditions suitable for enacting said oxidation to yield an oxidation product and subjecting said oxidation product to condensation in the presence of a basic catalyst to obtain converted bio-oil. The invention also relates to the use of converted bio-oil, obtainable by said process, as heating oil, as starting material in processes for producing fuels, fuel components, fine chemicals, chemical building-blocks, and solvents.

METHODS OF PROCESSING BIOMASS COMPRISING ELECTRON-BEAM RADIATION

The invention relates to a method of producing a product, the method comprising converting a treated biomass feedstock to a product which is an alcohol, organic acid, protein, sugar, hydrocarbon, or mixture thereof, utilizing one or more cellulolytic enzymes and/or a microorganism. The treated biomass feedstock is irradiated with an electron beam and treated using a rotor-stator device.

METHODS OF PRODUCING JET FUEL FROM NATURAL OIL FEEDSTOCKS THROUGH OXYGEN-CLEAVED REACTIONS

Methods are provided for producing a jet fuel composition from a feedstock comprising a natural oil. The methods comprise reacting the feedstock with oxygen under conditions sufficient to form an oxygen-cleaved product. The methods further comprise hydrogenating the oxygen-cleaved product under conditions sufficient to form a jet fuel composition.

SYSTEM OR METHOD FOR PRODUCING GASOLINE

Provided is a system or method for manufacturing gasoline from natural gas, said system or method being particularly effective in a place wherein water usable for steam reforming cannot be easily obtained, for example, in a desert which is a natural gas producing place, or on the sea. This system for manufacturing gasoline from natural gas via methanol includes: subjecting natural gas to steam reforming in a steam reformer (20) to form a reformed gas; synthesizing methanol from the reformed gas in a methanol synthesizer (30); synthesizing gasoline from the methanol in a gasoline synthesizer (50); and subjecting water generated in the gasoline synthesizer (50) to reuse in the steam reformer (20) for steam reforming.

BIOMASS CONVERSION SYSTEMS HAVING A FLUID CIRCULATION LOOP CONTAINING A CENTRIPETAL FORCE-BASED SEPARATION MECHANISM FOR CONTROL OF CELLULOSIC FINES AND METHODS FOR USE THEREOF

Digestion of cellulosic biomass to produce a hydrolysate may be accompanied by the formation of cellulosic fines which may be damaging to system components. Biomass conversion systems that may address the issue of cellulosic fines may comprise a fluid circulation loop comprising : a hydrothermal digestion unit; a solids separation unit that is in fluid communication with an outlet of the hydrothermal digestion unit; where the solids separation unit comprises a centripetal force-based separation mechanism that comprises a fluid outlet and a solids outlet; and a catalytic reduction reactor unit that is in fluid communication with the fluid outlet of the centripetal force-based separation mechanism and an inlet of the hydrothermal digestion unit.

METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE TRANSPORTABILITY OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL

The invention relates to a method for improving the transportability of heavy crude oil. Proceeding from the disadvantages of the known prior art, a method should be created in which an additive can be used, it being possible to produce said additive from a by-product arising in the production of mineral oil. The intention is for it to be possible to perform the method at little cost and without particular safety-specific provisions. In addition, the additive should lead to an increased yield of conventional petroleum in subsequent refining of the crude oil. According to the invention, an aqueous mixture of hydrocarbons with a chain length of predominantly C4 to C12, which contains no hydrocarbon compounds containing oxygen, is used as the additive. The mixture is produced in the area of a mineral oil field from the natural gas and/or associated gas arising and is added to the heavy crude oil either in untreated form or after degassing and/or dewatering. In this way, a light, transportable ...

DESALTER WASH WATER ADDITIVE

One aspect of the invention provides a method of preventing crude oil from becoming emulsified in desalter wash water. According to the method, the wash water is treated with an effective amount of a dispersion of a water-soluble cationic polymer.

Process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from the breakup of carbon molecules and hydrogen.

Processus pour lobtention dhydrocarbures liquides à partir de la rupture de molécules de carbone et hydrogène en utilisant des matériaux de déchets chimiques, textiles, biomasse et tout autre qui, étant triturés par une turbine et transférés à la chambre principale, ayant élevé leur température pour lélimination de leau, on leur applique de lénergie cinétique et de frôlement avec des réactifs choisis, afin de casser ainsi les chaînes et séparer les éléments mentionnés précédemment et restructurer les chaînes longues ou courtes pour lobtention par la distillation et la condensation, des hydrocarbures sélectionnés.

COMBINED METHOD OF PYROLYSIS AND OF CONVERTING OXYGENATE TO OLEFIN

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PROCESSING BIOMASS AND ORGANIC WASTE

ПЕРЕРАБОТКА БИОМАССЫ

Предложена переработка биомассы (например, растительной биомассы, животной биомассы и биомассы из городских отходов) с получением применимых продуктов, таких как топлива. Раскрыты системы, которые могут использовать материалы для сырья, такие как целлюлозные и/или лигноцеллюлозные материалы, для получения этанола и/или бутанола, например, ферментацией.

СПОСОБ ПРЕВРАЩЕНИЯ ГАЗООБРАЗНЫХ АЛКАНОВ В ЖИДКИЕ УГЛЕВОДОРОДЫ

Способ превращения газообразных алканов в жидкие углеводороды, в котором газовое сырье, содержащее алканы, вступает в реакцию с сухими парами брома до образования бромалкилов и бромисто-водородной кислоты. Смесь бромалкилов и бромисто-водородной кислоты затем вступает в реакцию над синтетическим кристаллическим алюмосиликатным катализатором, таким как цеолит ZSM-5, при температуре от примерно 150 до примерно 450°С, с тем чтобы образовать углеводороды с высоким молекулярным весом и пары бромисто-водородной кислоты. Пропан и бутан, которые содержат часть продуктов, могут быть восстановлены или повторно использованы посредством образования дополнительных углеводородов C5+. Раскрыты различные технологии удаления паров бромисто-водородной кислоты из углеводородов с высоким молекулярным весом и генерирования брома из бромисто-водородной кислоты для использования в способе.

СПОСОБ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГАЗООБРАЗНЫХ АЛКАНОВ В ЖИДКИЕ УГЛЕВОДОРОДЫ (ВАРИАНТЫ)

Способ преобразования газообразных алканов в жидкие углеводороды, в котором газовое сырье, содержащее алканы, вступает в реакцию с сухими парами брома до образования бромоалкилов и бромистоводородной кислоты. Смесь бромоалкилов и бромистоводородной кислоты потом вступает в реакцию над синтетическим кристаллическим алюмосиликатным катализатором, таким как цеолит ZSM-5, при температуре от приблизительно 150 °С до приблизительно 450 °С, для того чтобы образовать углеводороды с высоким молекулярным весом и пары бромистоводородной кислоты. Пропан и бутан, которые содержат часть продуктов, могут быть восстановлены или повторно использованы с помощью способа для образования дополнительных углеводородов С5. Раскрыты разные способы удаления паров бромистоводородной кислоты из углеводородов с высоким молекулярным весом и генерирования брома из бромистоводородной кислоты для использования в способе.

SELECTIVE MASS TRANSFER IN SYSTEM OF WET OXIDATION

PROCESSING OF BIOMASS

СПОСОБ ПРЕВРАЩЕНИЯ ГАЗООБРАЗНЫХ АЛКАНОВ В ЖИДКИЕ УГЛЕВОДОРОДЫ

Способ преобразования газообразных алканов в жидкие углеводороды, в котором газовое сырье, содержащее алканы, вступает в реакцию с сухими парами брома до образования бромалкилов и бромисто-водородной кислоты. Смесь бромалкилов и бромисто-водородной кислоты затем вступает в реакцию над синтетическим кристаллическим алюмосиликатным катализатором, таким как цеолит ZSM-5, при температуре от примерно 150 до примерно 400°С с тем, чтобы образовать углеводороды с высоким молекулярным весом и пары бромисто-водородной кислоты. Пропан и бутан, которые содержат часть продуктов, могут быть восстановлены или повторно использованы посредством способа образования дополнительных углеводородов С5+. Раскрыты варианты осуществления способа, касающиеся в том числе удаления паров бромисто-водородной кислоты из углеводородов с высоким молекулярным весом и получения брома из бромисто-водородной кислоты.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATING BIOMASS AND ORGANIC WASTE

Method for directly preparing n-alkanes and iso-alkanes from waste oil

Molecular sieve catalyste and processes for formulating and using the same

The present invention provides a molecular sieve catalyst which comprises a zeolitic material, a binder material and a matrix material, wherein the zeolitic material comprises zeolite and crystobolite, and the crystobolite is present in an amount of less than 1.0wt%, based on the total weight of zeolitic material. The present invention further provides a process for formulating the molecular sieve catalyst, and processes for the preparation of olefins.

팜유래 액상부산물에서 회수된 연료를 이용한 발전시스템

... 본 발명은 팜유래 액상부산물에서 회수된 연료를 이용한 발전시스템을 제공한다. 상기 팜유래 액상부산물에서 회수된 연료를 이용한 발전시스템은 열 가수분해 공정을 통하여 팜 열매에 함유된 오일을 추출 생산하고 남은 액상 부산물을 가열하여 상기 액상 부산물에 포함된 수분과 오일의 끓는점 차이를 이용하여 수분을 선택적으로 증발시켜서 오일을 회수하는 분리 수거부와, 회수된 상기 오일을 버너로 공급하여 상기 버너를 구동시켜 연소시키는 연소부와, 상기 버너의 연소에 따라 물을 가열하여 과열 증기를 생산하고, 상기 과열 증기를 통해 스팀 터빈을 구동시켜 전기를 생산하는 스팀 터빈 발전부를 포함할 수 있다.

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING BIO-HEAVY FUEL OIL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE USING SUPERCRITICAL FLUID

The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for producing bio-heavy oil using sewage sludge as a raw material and, more specifically, to an apparatus and a method for producing bio-heavy oil of sewage sludge using supercritical fluid, wherein, by the method, the bio-heavy oil is produced by using the sewage sludge through a continuous supercritical alcohol process. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2017 (110) First stirring (120) Second stirring (200) High pressure liquid pump (300) Supercritical reactor (410) First cooling (420) Second cooling (510) First filtering (520) Second filtering (610) First separation (620) Second separation (AA) Alcohol recirculation (BB) Bio heavy oill production (CC) Separation of water (DD) Separation of gas (EE) Separation of an inorganic material ...

USE OF FREE FATTY ACIDS PRODUCED FROM BIO-SOURCED OILS ＆ FATS AS THE FEEDSTOCK FOR A STEAMCRACKER

Method for removing phenolic compounds and furan derivatives in sugar hydrolysate using electro coagulation

método para coprodução de hidrocarbonetos

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATING BIOMASS AND ORGANIC WASTE

A hydrocarbon composition

Disclosed is a hydrocarbon composition comprising isomerised paraffins having specific cut-off points in the distillation curve, a density from 768.0 to 772.0 and an average carbon number of 14.3 to 15.1. The hydrocarbon composition is useful as fuel or fuel component, especially a jet fuel. Disclosed is also a method to produce a hydrocarbon composition. The isomerised paraffins in the hydrocarbon composition can be from a renewable source.

COMBINATION OF ZEOLITE UPGRADING WITH HYDROGENATION UPGRADING TO PRODUCE RENEWABLE GASOLINE FROM BIOMASS

Technologies to convert biomass to liquid hydrocarbon fuels are currently being developed to decrease our carbon footprint and increase use of renewable fuels. Since sugars/sugar derivatives from biomass have high oxygen content and low hydrogen content, coke becomes an issue during zeolite upgrading to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. A self-sustainable process was designed to reduce the coke by co-feeding sugars/sugar derivatives with the paraffin products from hydrogenation of sugars/sugar derivatives. Paraffins without complete conversion result in products with less aromatics and relatively low density compared with the products directly from zeolite upgrading. Thus, the process is more economically favorable.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING CYCLIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM CROP OILS

A method for producing products containing cyclic organic compounds from biomass oil includes adding a biomass oil to a vessel; heating the biomass oil to crack the biomass oil; removing undesired or unreacted materials, heavy ends, and light ends from the cracked biomass oil; and extracting components from the cracked biomass oil to produce a mixture of products containing between 5% and 90% cyclic organic compounds by weight. A method for producing a high-octane aviation fuel with low lead content includes cracking a biomass oil, separating a middle distillate mixture from cracked biomass oil, decarboxylating the middle distillate mixture to produce a mixture of products containing at least about 50% cyclic alkane and alkene compounds by weight, and blending the mixture of products with a fuel having an octane number below 95 to produce an aviation fuel having an octane number of at least 100.

COMBINED FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS PROCESS

A process to integrate a first biofuels process and a second generation cellulosic biofuels process is provided. The pyrolysis means which produces the char stream and a bioliquid stream. The low pressure hydrotreating component, a high pressure hydrotreating component, the low pressure hydrotreating component which produces the hydrocarbon stream, the high pressure hydrotreating component which produces the steam stream and bioliquid stream. A distillation means, which produces a green gasoline stream and a green diesel stream from the bioliquid stream. The second biofuels process may be a first generation bio-ethanol process, which produces a bio-ethanol stream. The hydrogen production unit, which produces the hydrogen stream and the steam stream. The hydrogen production unit may be a steam reformer or partial oxidation unit.

PROCESS TO PRODUCE BIOFUELS FROM BIOMASS

Processes to produce biofuels from biomass is provided where the biomass is contacted with an aqueous media to form a extracted biomass and at least a portion of an aqueous liquor separated from the extracted biomass containing soluble carbohydrate is treated with a purification substrate to form a treated carbohydrate stream having less than 35% of the sulfur content and less than 35% of the nitrogen content, based on the untreated aqueous liquor stream prior to contact with an aqueous phase reforming catalyst to form a plurality of oxygenated intermediates that can be further processed to form a liquid fuel. An extracted biomass solids stream is also separated from the extracted biomass which is contacted with a first digestive solvent to form a pretreated biomass comprising celluloses and residual hemicelluloses and then a second digestive solvent to form a solubilized pulp comprising soluble carbohydrates. This solublilized pulp may be combined with the aqueous liquor stream or combined ...

PHOSPHORUS MODIFIED MOLECULAR SIEVES, THEIR USE IN CONVERSION OF ORGANICS TO OLEFINS

The present invention is a phosphorous modified zeolite (A) made by a process comprising in that order: selecting a zeolite with low Si/AI ratio (advantageously lower than 30) among H+ or NH4 +-form of MFI, MEL, FER, MOR, clinoptilolite, said zeolite having been made preferably without direct addition of organic template; steaming at a temperature ranging from 400 to 870°C for 0.01-200h; leaching with an aqueous acid solution containing the source of P at conditions effective to remove a substantial part of Al from the zeolite and to introduce at least 0.3 wt% of P; separation of the solid from the liquid; an optional washing step or an optional drying step or an optional drying step followed by a washing step; a calcination step. The present invention also relates to a process (hereunder referred as "XTO process") for making an olefin product from an oxygen-containing, halogenide-containing or sulphur-containing organic feedstock wherein said oxygen-containing, halogenide-containing or ...

HIGH SHEAR APPLICATION IN PROCESSING OILS

Herein disclosed is a method of processing oil, comprising providing a high shear device comprising at least one rotor and at least one complementarily-shaped stator configured to mix a gas with a liquid; contacting a gas with an oil in the high shear device, wherein the gas is an inert gas or a reactive gas; and forming a product, wherein the product is a solution, a dispersion, or combination thereof. Herein also disclosed is a high shear system for processing oil, comprising; at least one high shear device, having an inlet and at least one rotor and at least one complementarily-shaped stator configured to mix a gas with a liquid; a gas source fluidly connected to the inlet; an oil source fluidly connected to the inlet; and a pump positioned upstream of a high shear device, the pump in fluid connection with the inlet and the oil source.

ZERO CARBON DIOXIDE AND HEAT EMISSION INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF POWER GENERATION FROM NATURAL/RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ORGANIC WASTE RECLAMATION AND COMMODITIES PRODUCTION AND METHOD OF CONDUCTION

Front line energy conversion from natural and renewable sources, energy storage and photo-bioreactor technologies conjugate with traditional and even ancient techniques, embodied in respective functional modules that interact synergically towards accomplishment of the objective of practically nullifying emissions of carbon dioxide, heat and solid wastes, and at the same time producing valuable commercial commodities. The integrated system and method of conducting it for power generation from natural/renewable energy sources, organic waste reclamation and commodities production is eminently ecologic and meets the needs of rural communities.

FUEL AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

Disclosed is a fuel which is obtained by fluid catalytic cracking of a raw material oil which is a biomass or a mixture of a biomass and a mineral oil. Also disclosed is a method for producing such a fuel. Further disclosed is a gasoline or liquefied fuel gas which contains a base material derived from a biomass and exhibits excellent exhaust gas purification performance, fuel efficiency performance and running performance.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A FUEL FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

The method according to the invention for producing a fuel (14, 15, 16) for internal combustion engines comprises the following steps: a) providing carbon dioxide (C02) (6); b) providing hydrogen (H2) (11) from water (H20) (9); and c) synthesizing methanol (CH3OH) (12) from the provided carbon dioxide (6) and hydrogen (11). The method according to the invention is characterized in that the carbon dioxide (6) provided in step a) is provided from the flue gas (4) of the combustion of a fuel (2). A further method step d) of a process (13, 17) for converting the methanol (12) into a fuel (14, 15, 16, 18) is preferably carried out subsequent to step c); particularly preferably said process is a methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process (13). The method according to the invention advantageously permits the reprocessing of carbon dioxide (6) from the flue gas (4) from power plants (1) and the use thereof for synthesizing fuels (14, 15, 16), in particular gasoline fuel (14), for operating internal combustion ...

PROCESS FOR PREPARING A SLURRY COMPRISED OF LIGNIN

Two processes for preparing a slurry comprised of lignin and a slurry liquid the first process comprising the steps of: a. charging a composition comprised of lignin and at least one slurry liquid at 25 °C to a vessel capable of being subjected to vacuum, b. subjecting the vessel to vacuum for a time sufficient to disperse particles of the composition comprised of lignin to greater than 50% of the theoretical dispersion of the composition comprised of lignin. The second process comprising the steps of: a. imparting high shear forces to the composition comprised of lignin, b. adding a slurry liquid to the composition comprised of lignin.

Solvent-enhanced biomass liquefaction

The present invention provides an improved method for solvent liquefaction of biomass to produce liquid products such as transportation fuel. The method uses a novel solvent combination that promotes liquefaction relatively quickly, and it reduces the need to transport large amounts of hydrogen or hydrogen-carrying solvents. It operates at lower pressure than previous methods, does not require a catalyst or hydrogen gas or CO input, and provides very high conversion of biomass into a bio-oil that can be further processed in a petroleum refinery. It also beneficially provides a way to recycle a portion of the crude liquefaction product for use as part of the solvent combination for the biomass liquefaction reaction.

Methods for producing fuels and solvents

Described herein are methods for producing fuels and solvents from fatty acid resources. Also disclosed herein are fuels and solvents produced by the methods described herein.

Solvolysis of biomass using solvent from a bioreforming process

The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass using a solvent produced in a bioreforming reaction.

Systems and processes for catalytic pyrolysis of biomass and hydrocarbonaceous materials for production of aromatics with optional olefin recycle, and catalysts having selected particle size for catalytic pyrolysis

This invention relates to compositions and methods for fluid hydrocarbon product, and more specifically, to compositions and methods for fluid hydrocarbon product via catalytic pyrolysis. Some embodiments relate to methods for the production of specific aromatic products (e.g., benzene, toluene, naphthalene, xylene, etc.) via catalytic pyrolysis. Some such methods may involve the use of a composition comprising a mixture of a solid hydrocarbonaceous material and a heterogeneous pyrolytic catalyst component. In some embodiments, an olefin compound may be co-fed to the reactor and/or separated from a product stream and recycled to the reactor to improve yield and/or selectivity of certain products. The methods described herein may also involve the use of specialized catalysts. For example, in some cases, zeolite catalysts may be used. In some instances, the catalysts are characterized by particle sizes in certain identified ranges that can lead to improve yield and/or selectivity of certain products.

Method for producing aviation fuel oil base and aviation fuel oil composition

A method for producing an aviation fuel oil base includes obtaining a first generated oil by hydrotreating a feedstock by bringing a feedstock which includes an oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound derived from an animal or vegetable oils and fat into contact with a first dual functional catalyst which has dehydrogenation and hydrogenation functions and which includes a metal of group 6A of the periodic table, a metal of group 8, and an amorphous solid acidic substance, in the presence of hydrogen; and obtaining a second generated oil including an aviation fuel oil base by hydroisomerizing the first generated oil by bringing the first generated oil into contact with a second dual functional catalyst which has dehydrogenation and hydrogenation functions and which includes a metal of the group 8 of the periodic table and a crystalline solid acidic substance, in the presence of hydrogen.

Apparatus and Method for Converting Biomass to Feedstock for Biofuel and Biochemical Manufacturing Processes

Improved systems and methods for producing feedstock for biofuel and biochemical manufacturing processes are disclosed. Some systems and methods use components that are capable of transferring relatively high concentrations of solid biomass. Some systems and methods recycle a deconstruction catalyst.

Method of Producing Gaseous Products Using a Downflow Reactor

Reactor systems and methods are provided for the catalytic conversion of liquid feedstocks to synthesis gases and other noncondensable gaseous products. The reactor systems include a heat exchange reactor configured to allow the liquid feedstock and gas product to flow concurrently in a downflow direction. The reactor systems and methods are particularly useful for producing hydrogen and light hydrocarbons from biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons using aqueous phase reforming. The generated gases may find used as a fuel source for energy generation via PEM fuel cells, solid-oxide fuel cells, internal combustion engines, or gas turbine gensets, or used in other chemical processes to produce additional products. The gaseous products may also be collected for later use or distribution.

Production of liquid fuels (sylvan-liquid-fuels) from 2-methylfuran

The present invention describes a procedure for the production of liquid fuel having a content high in alkanes and low in oxygenated compounds, comprising as a minimum: —a first step of alkylation of 2-methylfuran (commonly denominated Sylvan) with a furan alcohol 2 having the formula: (2), wherein R 1 is H or an aliphatic or aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, R 2 is H or an aliphatic or aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, and R 3 is H, hydroxymethyl or an aliphatic or aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, in the presence of a catalyst, —a second step of hydrogenation and dehydration of the compound obtained in step 1 in the presence of hydrogen, utilising suitable hydrogenation and dehydration catalysts.

Production method for biofuel

The present invention provides a production method for biofuel based on a technology to convert carbon-dioxide as a carbon source through photosynthesis by photosynthetic microorganisms to biomass and produce biofuel of the biomass. The production method for biofuel of the present invention comprises a culturing process (S 1 ) of culturing in a culture solution photosynthetic microorganisms which store oils, fats and carbohydrates in cells of the photosynthetic microorganisms, an oil and fat conversion process (S 2 ) of converting the carbohydrates stored in the cells of the photosynthetic microorganisms cultured in the culture apparatus to oils and fats, an extraction process (S 3 ) of extracting the oils and fats out of the cells of the photosynthetic microorganisms, and a reforming process (S 4 ) to reform the extracted oils and fats.

Processing biomass

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

SEPARATION SYSTEMS FOR DEWATERING OF FOG AND BIODIESEL FUEL PRODUCTION

The present invention provides for methods and systems that effectively separate dispersed FOG from emulsions and/or free-floating FOG from a waste stream to provide dewatered emulsions and/or separated fats, oils and greases from emulsions thereby providing value added separated product while reducing disposal of solid or liquid waste matter into landfills or water treatment facilities. 1. A separation method for separating water from a fat , oil and/or grease (FOG) containing liquid-type medium , the method comprising the steps of:(a) providing FOG containing liquid-type medium, wherein the liquid-type medium is a viscous liquid, non-viscous liquid or an emulsion; "an array of sheet members of generally rectangular and generally planar shape with main top and bottom surfaces, wherein the sheet members include in sequence in said array a first retentate sheet, a first filter sheet, a permeate sheet, a second filter sheet, and a second retentate sheet, wherein the fatty acids and triglycerides, having a diameter larger than the filter sheet's pore size, are retained in the retentate flow, and at least a portion of the liquid medium with any permeate species diffuse through the filter sheets and enter the permeate sheet and permeate flow; and", '(b) providing at least one cross-flow filtration cassette comprisingdirecting the FOG containing liquid-type medium through the cross-flow cassette to separate water from the FOG.2. The separation method according to claim 1 , wherein the FOG containing liquid-type medium is pretreated to remove any unwanted material or larger solids from the liquid medium before the separation process.3. The separation method according to claim 2 , wherein pretreating is conducted in a system selected from the group consisting of: a cross-flow filtration claim 2 , centrifuge claim 2 , vibrating screen claim 2 , mesh screening claim 2 , belt filter claim 2 , screw press and hydrocylcone.4. The separation method according to claim 1 , wherein ...

METHOD OF EXTRACTING LIPIDS FROM TRAP GREASE WITH WASTE COOKING OIL

Describe are methods of extracting the lipid fraction from trap grease using vegetable oil, such as vegetable oils sourced from waste cooking oil. The method includes mixing a volume of vegetable oil with a volume of trap grease. The mixture is comprised of an aqueous fraction, a solid fraction, and a lipid fraction. The mixture is heated to a temperature in a range from about 50 degrees C. to about 100 degrees C. for a period of time sufficient to extract at least 80 percent of the lipids from the trap grease. The lipid fraction is then separated from the solid fraction. The method may further include a process of producing biodiesel from the extracted lipid fraction. 1. A method of extracting a lipid fraction from trap grease comprising:mixing a volume of vegetable oil with a volume of trap grease, wherein the mixture is comprised of an aqueous fraction, a solid fraction, and a lipid fraction;heating the mixture to a temperature in a range from about 50 degrees C. to about 100 degrees C. for a period of time sufficient to extract at least 80 percent of the lipids from the trap grease; andseparating a portion of the lipid fraction from the solid fraction.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the vegetable oil is mixed with the trap grease at a ratio between about 1.5 ml:1 mg to about 4.5 ml:1 mg.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of vegetable oil and trap grease is heated to a temperature in a range from about 55 degrees C. to about 85 degrees C.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of vegetable oil and trap grease is heated to a temperature in a range from about 60 degrees C. to about 65 degrees C.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture of vegetable oil and trap grease is maintained at the desire temperature for a period of time from about 45 minutes to about 210 minutes.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the separation step includes separating the lipid fraction from the solid fraction using a filtration process.7. The method of claim 1 , ...

Processing biomass and petroleum containing materials

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Processing Biomass Containing Materials

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Methods for co-production of alkylbenzene and biofuel from natural oils using hydrocracking

Embodiments of methods for the production of linear alkylbenzene and optionally biofuel from a natural oil are provided. A method comprises the step of deoxygenating the natural oils to form paraffins. A first portion of the paraffins is hydrocracked to form a first stream of normal and lightly branched paraffins in the C 9 to C 14 range and a second stream of isoparaffins. The first stream is dehydrogenated to provide mono-olefins. Then, benzene is alkylated with the mono-olefins under alkylation conditions to provide an alkylation effluent comprising alkylbenzenes and benzene. Thereafter, the alkylbenzenes are isolated to provide the alkylbenzene product. Optionally a second portion of the paraffins and the isoparaffins are processed to form biofuel.

BIOREFINERY SYSTEM, METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS THEREOF

The present disclosure relates to bioengineering approaches for producing biofuel and, in particular, to the use of a Cmetabolizing microorganism reactor system for converting Csubstrates, such as methane or methanol, into biomass and subsequently into biofuels, bioplastics, or the like. 139.-. (canceled)40. A method for making fuel , comprising converting biomass from a culture primarily comprising a Cmetabolizing non-photosynthetic microorganism into an oil composition and refining the oil composition into a fuel.41. The method of wherein the oil composition is derived from cell membrane of the Cmetabolizing non-photosynthetic microorganism.42. The method of wherein the biomass is converted into an oil composition by extraction.43. The method of wherein the oil composition is extracted with supercritical CO.44. The method of wherein the oil composition is refined by a process of cracking claim 40 , transesterification claim 40 , reforming claim 40 , distilling claim 40 , hydroprocessing claim 40 , isomerization claim 40 , or a combination thereof.45. The method of wherein the fuel comprises jet fuel claim 40 , diesel fuel claim 40 , paraffinic kerosene claim 40 , gasoline claim 40 , or a combination thereof.46Methylomonas, Methylobacter, Methylococcus, Methylosinus, Methylocystis, Methylomicrobium, Methanomonas, Methylophilus, Methylobacillus, Methylobacterium, Hyphomicrobium, Xanthobacter, Bacillus, Paracoccus, Nocardia, Arthrobacter, Rhodopseudomonas,Pseudomonas.. The method of wherein the Cmetabolizing non-photosynthetic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of and47Candida, Yarrowia, Hansenula, Pichia, Torulopsis,Rhodotorula.. The method of wherein the Cmetabolizing non-photosynthetic microorganism is selected from the group consisting of and48. The method of wherein the Cmetabolizing non-photosynthetic microorganism is bacteria.49. The method of wherein the Cmetabolizing bacteria is a methanotroph or methylotroph.50. The method of wherein the ...

Apparatus and method for rapidly producing synthetic gas from bio-diesel by-product using microwave plasma

Provided are an apparatus and a method for rapidly producing a synthetic gas from a bio-diesel byproduct using microwave plasma, in which, while a plasma flame is generated by a plasma generator and waste glycerin, a bio-diesel byproduct, as fuel, is gasified by being supplied to the generated plasma flame of high temperature, the fuel is supplied in various types to increase the contact time or the contact area with the plasma flame and thus promote gasification thereof and the contents of steam and oxygen supplied and the plasma power are controlled to increase the collection amount of combustible gas and thus allow rapid production of the synthetic gas.

Fatty alcohol forming acyl reductases (fars) and methods of use thereof

The present disclosure provides methods useful for producing fatty alcohol compositions from recombinant host cells. The disclosure further provides variant fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) enzymes, polynucleotides encoding the variant FAR enzymes, and vectors and host cells comprising the same.

Generating cellulosic-renewable identification numbers in a refinery

The present application generally relates to methods of generating cellulosic-renewable identification numbers by thermally processing a cellulosic biomass to form a renewable fuel oil, and then co-processing the renewable fuel oil with a petroleum fraction in a refinery to form a cellulosic-renewable identification number-compliant fuel.

LIQUID BIOFUEL COMPOSITIONS

Disclosed is a liquid biofuel comprising carbonaceous material particles having a D50 ranging from 0.1 μm to 200 μm suspended in a liquid biodiesel composition. 1. A liquid biofuel comprising carbonaceous material particles having a Dranging from 0.1 μm to 200 μm suspended in a liquid biodiesel composition.2. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material particles content is of at least 10% w/w of the said biofuel.3. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material particles have a size distribution defined by a Dranging from 1 μm to 50 μm.4. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material particles provide the size distribution as follows:{'sub': '10', 'Dfrom 1 to 50 μm, and'}{'sub': '90', 'Dfrom 50 to 500 μm.'}5. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material particles are selected from a group consisting of a vegetal biomass claim 1 , a coal claim 1 , a coke claim 1 , a graphite claim 1 , a char claim 1 , a biocoal claim 1 , and a combination thereof.6. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material particles consist of a torrefied biomass.7. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , wherein the liquid biodiesel is based on esterified fat and/or oil originating from animal claim 1 , plant claim 1 , fungi or algae.8. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , wherein the liquid biodiesel comprises esterified palm oil.9. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , further comprising water in an amount ranging from 0.5% w/w to 25% w/w.10. The liquid biofuel according to claim 1 , which does not comprise any added emulsifying agent or any surfactant compound.11. A method for preparing a biodiesel-based liquid biofuel claim 1 , the method comprising using carbonaceous material particles having a Dranging from 0.1 μm to 200 μm.12. The liquid biofuel according to claim 2 , wherein the carbonaceous material particles content is of at ...

Fluidized catalytic cracking apparatus

The present application generally relates to a fluidized catalytic cracking apparatus having one or more ports for injecting a renewable fuel oil for co-processing the renewable fuel oil and a petroleum fraction.

Regeneration of olefin treating adsorbents for removal of oxygenate contaminants

Processes for eliminating oxygenates and water from a light hydrocarbon processing system, wherein oxygenates are removed from a light hydrocarbon stream by adsorption of the oxygenates on an oxygenate adsorption unit to provide a deoxygenated hydrocarbon stream, the oxygenate adsorption unit is regenerated via a regenerant stream to provide an oxygenated regenerant stream comprising the oxygenates, and the oxygenated regenerant stream is subjected to hydro-deoxygenation to convert the oxygenates into paraffins and water, wherein the water may also be permanently removed from the system.

Bio-based synthetic fluids

A method is provided involving altering the viscosity of bio-derived paraffins to produce a paraffinic fluid, where the altering step includes chlorinating the bio-derived paraffins; the bio-derived paraffins include a hydrodeoxygenated product produced by hydrodeoxygenating a bio-based feed where the bio-based feed includes bio-derived fatty acids, fatty acid esters, or a combination thereof; the bio-derived paraffins include n-paraffins; and the n-paraffins have a biodegradability of at least 40% after about 23 days of exposure to microorganisms. Also provided are methods of protecting and/or cleaning a substance by applying the paraffinic fluid.

Methods of deoxygenating bio-based material and production of bio-based terephtalic acid and olefinic monomers

The present invention relates to a method of deoxygenating tall oil pitch, yielding aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The invention even comprises turning the aliphates into polymerizable olefins by steam cracking, and turning the aromates into polymerizable terephthalic acid by oxygenation and, as necessary, rearrangement. The monomers can be used for the production of polymers of partially or completely biologic origin. According to the invention, tall oil pitch is first heated to turn it into liquid, which is then fed into a catalyst bed and catalytically deoxygenated with hydrogen. The deoxygenation catalyst is preferably a Ni—Mo catalyst and, in addition, a cracking catalyst can be used, such as an acidic zeolite catalyst. The deoxygenated product stream is cooled down so as to obtain a liquid, which is distilled for separation of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons for use in the production of the respective monomers and finally polymers.

METHOD FOR PREPARING BIODIESEL

The present invention provides a method for preparing biodiesel, comprising; adding oil and fat, short-chain, alcohol, water, and liquid lipase into a single-stage or multi-stage enzyme reactor; then separating the reaction fluid into an enzyme-containing heavy phase and a light phase; recovering and reusing the enzyme in the heavy phase; using the light phase for subsequent conversion by immobilized lipase; flowing the light phase and the short-chain alcohol into single-stage or multi-stage enzyme reactor containing an immobilized lipase; performing online dehydration during the whole reaction process or part of the reaction process. In the method of the invention for preparing biodiesel, no preprocessing is required for the oil and fat feedstock in the earlier stage of catalysis process by liquid lipase, and the conversion ratio from oil and fat to biodiesel can reach more than 90%; in the later stage of catalysis process by immobilized lipase, by introducing an online dehydration during the whole process or part of the reaction process, the yield of biodiesel can exceed 98%, and the acid value of the product can be less than 0.5 mg KOH per gram of oil. The method thus has good economic and environmental benefits. 1. A method for preparing biodiesel , characterized in that said method comprises steps of:(1) oil and fat, short chain alcohol, water, and liquid lipase are added into a single-stage or multi-stage reactor for conducting a reaction, and the reaction liquid is then separated into a heavy phase and a light phase; the enzyme in the heavy phase is recovered and reused, and the light phase is used for subsequent conversion by immobilized lipase;(2) the light phase obtained in step (1) is flowed into a single-stage or multi-stage reactor containing immobilized lipase, and short chain alcohol is added for conducting a reaction; an online dehydration is carried out during the whole reaction process or part of the reaction process.2. The method according to ...

Process for producing biofuel and biofuel components

A process for catalytically converting crude tall oil into hydrocarbons suitable as biofuel components. The crude tall oil is treated in a reactor system including a catalytically active guard bed phase and a catalytically active main reaction phase. At least one of the phases includes a catalyst bed with a combination of hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) and hydrodewaxing (HDW) catalysts. The process provides biofuel with acceptable ignition and cold flow properties.

A METHOD FOR TREATING LIPID MATERIALS

A method for treating a lipid material containing phosphorous and/or metal compounds is described. The method includes providing the lipid material, preheating the lipid material, to obtain a preheated lipid material, heat treating the preheated lipid material in a heat treatment step, to obtain a heat treated lipid material, and optionally post treating the heat treated lipid material in a post treatment step. 124-. (canceled)25. A method for treating a lipid material containing phosphorous and/or metal compounds , the method comprising:a) providing the lipid material;b) preheating the lipid material, to obtain a preheated lipid material;c) heat treating the preheated lipid material in a heat treatment step, to obtain a heat treated lipid material;d) optionally post treating the heat treated lipid material in a post treatment step;wherein the preheating step b) is conducted at a temperature of about 90° C. to about 160° C., the heat treating step c) is conducted at a temperature of about 220° C. to about 300° C., and wherein the heat treating step c) is conducted at a pressure of about 0 bar(g) to about 20 bar(g).26. The method according to wherein the heat treating step c) is conducted during a time of about 5 to about 300 minutes.27. The method according to claim 25 , wherein a moisture content of the lipid material during the heat treatment is about 200 to about 2500 mg/kg.28. The method according to claim 25 , wherein the lipid material is renewable lipid material.29. The method according to claim 25 , wherein the lipid material is a plant based claim 25 , a microbial based or an animal based lipid material claim 25 , or any combination thereof.30. The method according to claim 25 , wherein the preheating step b) comprises:an air removal step.31. The method according to claim 25 , wherein phosphorous compounds are phospholipids selected from a group consisting of phosphatidyl ethanolamines claim 25 , phosphatidyl cholines claim 25 , phosphatidyl inositols and ...

External steam reduction method in a fluidized catalytic cracker

The present disclosure generally relates to methods to reduce the external steam supplied to a fluidized catalytic cracker by injecting a stream comprising a water-containing renewable fuel oil into a riser of a fluidized catalytic cracker.

Fluidized catalytic cracker riser quench system

The present application generally relates to a riser quench system comprising a quench line and one or more quench injecting ports for injecting a renewable fuel oil into the riser of a fluidized catalytic cracker co-processing a renewable fuel oil and a petroleum fraction as reactants.

Energy and/or material transport including phase change

Techniques, systems and material are disclosed for transport of energy and/or materials. In one aspect, a method includes generating gaseous fuel (e.g., from biomass dissociation) at a first location of a low elevation. The gaseous fuel can be self-transported in a pipeline to a second location at a higher elevation than the first location by traveling from the first location to the second location without adding energy of pressure. A liquid fuel can be generated at the second location of higher elevation by reacting the gaseous fuel with at least one of a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor, and an oxygen donor harvested from industrial waste. The liquid fuel can be delivered to a third location of a lower elevation than the second location while providing pressure or kinetic energy.

PYROLYSIS OIL AND METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF

A method for producing a pyrolysis oil is described. In said method, a feedstock to be treated is first pyrolyzed in a pyrolysis zone, in which the feedstock is heated to a temperature of 250 degrees Celsius to 700 degrees Celsius; and pyrolyzed solids and pyrolysis vapors are formed. The pyrolysis vapors are then reformed at a temperature of 450 degrees Celsius to 1,200 degrees Celsius in a post-conditioning zone, in which the pyrolysis vapors are brought into contact with a catalyst bed, wherein the pyrolysis oil is formed. In this case, the catalyst comprises a pyrolyzed solid, which can be obtained according to the pyrolysis, described above. Finally the pyrolysis oil is separated from the additional pyrolysis products, which are formed, in a separation unit. 1. A pyrolysis oil comprising a carbon content greater than 65% by wt. , a hydrogen content greater than 5% by wt. and an oxygen content of less than 16% by wt. , a C content of no less than 0.1 parts per trillion , and an ash content.2. The pyrolysis oil of claim 1 , wherein the ash content in accordance with DIN EN 14775 claim 1 , at 815 degrees Celsius is 0.005% to 0.25% by wt.3. The pyrolysis oil of claim 1 , wherein the pyrolysis oil has not yet been subjected to further post-conditioning by distillation claim 1 , water removal claim 1 , hydrogenation claim 1 , or hydrodeoxygenation.4. The pyrolysis oil of claim 1 , wherein the acid value of the pyrolysis oil is less than 15 mg of KOH/g.5. The pyrolysis oil of claim 1 , wherein the acid value of the pyrolysis oil is less than 10 mg of KOH/g.6. The pyrolysis oil of claim 1 , wherein the acid value of the pyrolysis oil is less than 6 mg of KOH/g.7. The pyrolysis oil of claim 1 , wherein the pyrolysis oil has a calorific value in accordance with DIN EN 14918 of greater than 30 MJ/kg.8. The pyrolysis oil of claim 1 , wherein the pyrolysis oil has a fuel value in accordance with DIN EN 14918 of between 23 and 41 MJ/kg.9. The pyrolysis oil of claim 1 , ...

PROCESSING BIOMASS AND PETROLEUM CONTAINING MATERIALS

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation. 1. A method , comprising:directing charged particles having a mass greater than or equal to the mass of a proton to pass through a fluid, and then directing the charged particles to be incident on a biomass material.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the charged particles comprise ions.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the charged particles comprise two or more different types of ions.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the charged particles are negatively charged.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the charged particles are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen ions claim 1 , carbon ions claim 1 , oxygen ions claim 1 , nitrogen ions claim 1 , halogen ions claim 1 , and noble gas ions.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid is selected from the group consisting of air claim 1 , oxygen claim 1 , hydrogen claim 1 , and reactive gases.7. A method of treating biomass claim 1 , the method comprising:forming a plurality of negatively charged ions, and accelerating the negatively charged ions to a first energy;removing a plurality of electrons from at least some of the negatively charged ions to form positively charged ions; andaccelerating the positively charged ions to a second energy, and directing the positively charged ions to be incident on the biomass.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein removing the plurality of electrons from at least some of the negatively charged ions comprises directing the negatively charged ions to be incident on a metal foil.9. The method of claim 7 , wherein accelerating the negatively charged ions to a first energy comprises directing the ions to pass through a plurality of electrodes at different electrostatic ...

TWO-STAGE PROCESS FOR PRODUCING OIL FROM MICROALGAE

A process for production of biofuels from algae can include cultivating an oil-producing algae by promoting sequential photoautotrophic and heterotrophic growth. The method can further include producing oil by heterotrophic growth of algae wherein the heterotrophic algae growth is achieved by introducing a sugar feed to the oil-producing algae. An algal oil can be extracted from the oil-producing algae, and can be converted to form biodiesel. 117-. (canceled)18. A process for production of biofuels from algae , comprising:a) inducing algae cell body production of an oil-producing algae by photoautotrophic growth;b) initiating heterotrophic growth of the oil-producing algae using a stress induction mechanism;c) inducing algal oil production by heterotrophic growth of the oil-producing algae, wherein the heterotrophic growth includes introducing a sugar feed to the oil-producing algae; andd) extracting an algal oil from the oil-producing algae.19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising converting the oil to biodiesel.20. The process of claim 18 , wherein the oil-producing algae includes a member selected from the group consisting of diatoms (bacillariophytes) claim 18 , green algae (chlorophytes) claim 18 , blue-green algae (cyanophytes) claim 18 , golden-brown algae (chrysophytes) claim 18 , haptophytes claim 18 , and combinations thereof.21Amphipleura, Amphora, Chaetoceros, Cyclotella, Cymbella, Fragilaria, Hantzschia, Navicula, Nitzschia, Phaeodactylum, Thalassiosira, Ankistrodesmus, Botryococcus, Chlorella, Chlorococcum, Dunaliella, Monoraphidium, Oocystis, Scenedesmus, Tetraselmis, Oscillatoria, Synechococcus, Boekelovia. The process of claim 20 , wherein the oil-producing algae includes claim 20 , or combinations thereof.22Chlorella, Dunaliella. The process of claim 21 , wherein the oil-producing algae includes claim 21 , or combinations thereof.23. The process of claim 18 , further comprising introducing a nitrogen-fixing algae to the oil-producing algae ...

Hydrocarbon-producing genes and methods of their use

The invention provides isolated nucleic acids and isolated polypeptides involved in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates. Homologs of, conservative variants of, and sequences having at least about 35% sequence identity with nucleic acids involved in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates are also provided. The invention further provides methods for producing an aliphatic ketone or a hydrocarbon, as well as a method for identifying an enzyme useful for the production of hydrocarbons.

Production of hydrocarbons from plant oil and animal fat

Oils from plants and animal fats are hydrolyzed to fatty acids for a Kolbe reaction. The invention relates to a high productivity Kolbe reaction process for electrochemically decarboxylating C4-C28 fatty acids derived from sources selected based on their saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content in order to lower anodic passivation voltage during synthesis of C6-C54 hydrocarbons. The C6-C54 hydrocarbons may undergo olefin metathesis and/or hydroisomerization reaction processes to synthesize heavy fuel oil, diesel fuel, kerosene fuel, lubricant base oil, and linear alpha olefin products useful as precursors for polymers, detergents, and other fine chemicals.

Production of aromatics by reverse water gas shift, fermentation and recycling to pyrolysis.

Device and process for the conversion of a feedstock of aromatic compounds, in which the feedstock is treated notably by means of a fractionation train (4-7), a xylene separation unit (10) and an isomerization unit (11), and in which a pyrolysis unit (13) treats a second hydrocarbon feedstock, produces a pyrolysis effluent feeding the feedstock, and produces a pyrolysis gas comprising CO, CO2 and H2; a reverse water gas shift RWGS reaction section (50) treats the pyrolysis gas and produces an RWGS gas enriched in CO and in water; a fermentation reaction section (52) treats the RWGS gas enriched in CO and in water, to produce ethanol and recycle the ethanol to the inlet of the pyrolysis unit.

Phosphorous Modified Molecular Sieves, Their Use in Conversion of Organics to Olefins

The present invention is a phosphorous modified zeolite (A) made by a process comprising in that order: 154-. (canceled)56. The process of claim 55 , wherein the first reactor effluent comprises light olefins and a heavy hydrocarbon fraction and is sent to a first fractionator to separate the light olefins from the heavy hydrocarbon fraction claim 55 , and wherein the heavy hydrocarbon fraction is recycled to the first reactor at conditions effective to convert at least a portion of the heavy hydrocarbon fraction to olefin products.57. The process of claim 55 , wherein the olefin products include ethylene and propylene that are fractionated to form a stream comprising ethylene claim 55 , and wherein at least a part of the stream comprising ethylene is recycled to the first reactor to increase propylene production.58. The process of claim 55 , wherein a second reactor effluent is sent to a second fractionator and the light olefins are recovered claim 55 , and wherein heavy hydrocarbons having 4 or more carbon atoms are recycled to the second reactor and mixed with the heavy hydrocarbons recovered from the first reactor effluent.59. The process of claim 58 , wherein the heavy hydrocarbons having 4 or more carbon atoms are sent to a third fractionator to remove a heavy hydrocarbon stream comprising C6+ hydrocarbons prior to recycling to the second reactor.60. The process of claim 58 , wherein the olefin products include ethylene and propylene claim 58 , wherein ethylene is recycled to the second reactor to adjust a propylene to ethylene production ratio claim 58 , and wherein the ethylene is recycled from the first fractionator claim 58 , the second fractionator claim 58 , both the first fractionator and the second fractionator claim 58 , or a common recovery section.61. The process of claim 58 , wherein the olefin products include ethylene and propylene claim 58 , wherein ethylene is recycled to the first reactor to adjust a propylene to ethylene production claim 58 , ...

Methods and apparatus for producing jet-range hydrocarbons

Methods and apparatus are provided for producing jet-range hydrocarbons from biorenewable sources, such as oligomerizing C 3 -C 8 biorenewable olefins, for example, derived from C 3 -C 8 alkanol products of fermentation of biomass. Production of jet-range hydrocarbons is increased by employing an additional oligomerization zone for oligomerizing naphtha separated from the effluent of a primary oligomerization zone wherein the C 3 -C 8 biorenewable olefins were first subjected to oligomerization.

CUSTOM IONIC LIQUID ELECTROLYTES FOR ELECTROLYTIC DECARBOXYLATION

Methods, equipment, and reagents for preparing organic compounds using custom electrolytes based on different ionic liquids in electrolytic decarboxylation reactions are disclosed. 1. A method of making a compound of formula R—R , comprising:{'sup': 1', '2, 'providing compounds of formulas RCOOM and RCOOM in an ionic liquid;'}applying an electric current to the ionic liquid;{'sup': 1', '2, 'wherein each of Rand Ris independently selected from unsubstituted and substituted alkyl, unsubstituted and substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted and substituted heterocyclyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted and unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted and unsubstituted aryl, and substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl; and'}each M is independently an alkaline metal.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein substitutions on substituted alkyl. claim 1 , cycloalkyl claim 1 , heterocyclyl claim 1 , alkenyl claim 1 , alkynyl claim 1 , aryl claim 1 , and heteroaryl are selected from halogen claim 1 , unsubstituted Calkyl claim 1 , —CN claim 1 , —NO claim 1 , ═O claim 1 , —C(O)R claim 1 , —COR claim 1 , —C(O)NRR claim 1 , —OR claim 1 , —OC(O)R claim 1 , —OC(O)NRR claim 1 , —NRC(O)R claim 1 , —NRC(O)NRR claim 1 , —NRR claim 1 , —NRCOR claim 1 , —NRS(O)R claim 1 , —SR claim 1 , —S(O)R claim 1 , —S(O)R claim 1 , —S(O)NRR;{'sup': A', 'B', 'C, 'sub': 1-8', '2-8', '2-8, 'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'wherein each of R, R, and R, when present, is independently selected from the group consisting of: —H, unsubstituted Calkyl, unsubstituted Calkenyl, or unsubstituted Calkynyl. The method of , wherein substitutions on substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are located geminal to —COOM.'}4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionic liquid has the formula{'br': None, '[(R′)(R″)(R′″)(R″″)X];'}wherein X is selected from substituted or unsubstituted pyridinium, substituted or unsubstituted pyridazinium, substituted or unsubstituted ...

PROCESSING BIOMASS AND PETROLEUM CONTAINING MATERIALS

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation. 115.-. (canceled)16. A method comprising:saccharifying while sonicating an irradiated cellulosic or lignocellulosic material, wherein the irradiated cellulosic or lignocellulosic material is produced by exposing cellulosic or lignocellulosic material to a plurality of electrons that have been accelerated by a DC accelerator, andwherein the exposure provides a radiation dose of greater than 10 Mrad to the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material at a dose rate of at least 1 Mrad/s.17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material is saccharified with an enzyme.18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising converting sugars produced by saccharifying into a product.19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the DC accelerator provides an output power of at least 50 kW.20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the DC accelerator provides an output power of at least 75 kW.21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the DC accelerator provides an output power of at least 100 kW.22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the radiation dose is between about 10 and 100 Mrad.23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the radiation dose is between about 10 and 50 Mrad.24. The method of claim 16 , wherein the radiation dose is between about 10 and 50 Mrad claim 16 , and the DC accelerator output power is greater than 50 KW.25. The method of claim 16 , wherein the cellulosic or lignocellulosic material is selected from the group consisting of: plant waste claim 16 , agricultural waste claim 16 , forestry waste claim 16 , yard waste claim 16 , animal waste claim 16 , municipal waste claim 16 , sewage claim 16 , synthetic celluloses claim 16 , paper claim 16 , paper ...

Solvolysis of biomass using solvent from a bioreforming process

The present invention provides processes for deconstructing biomass using a solvent produced in a bioreforming reaction.

DEVICE AND METHOD OF OBTAINING DIOLS AND OTHER CHEMICALS USING DECARBOXYLATION

A method for converting carboxylic acids (including carboxylic acids derived from biomass) into hydrocarbons. The produced hydrocarbons will generally have at least two oxygen containing substituents (or other substituents). In one example of application, the electrolysis converts alkali salts of carboxylic acids into diols which can then be used as solvents or be dehydrated to produce dienes, which can then be used to produce elastic polymeric materials. This process allows custom synthesis of high value chemicals from renewable feed stocks such as carboxylic acids derived from biomass. 1. An electrochemical cell comprising:an anolyte compartment capable of housing a quantity of anolyte, the anolyte comprising a quantity of an alkali metal salt of a carboxylic acid, wherein the alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid has at least one functional group in addition to the carboxylic acid moiety;an anode in communication with the anolyte;a catholyte compartment capable of housing a quantity of catholyte;a cathode in communication with the catholyte;an alkali ion conducting membrane; anda voltage source, wherein the voltage source decarboxylates the alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid into alkyl radicals that react to form a coupled radical product, wherein the coupled radical product has at least two functional groups.2. The electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid has at least one OH functional group in addition to the carboxylic acid moiety such that the coupled radical product comprises at least two OH functional groups.3. The electrochemical cell as in claim 2 , wherein the coupled radical product is a diol.4. The electrochemical cell as in claim 2 , wherein the coupled radical product is 1 claim 2 ,4 butanediol or 2 claim 2 ,3 butanediol.5. The electrochemical cell as in claim 2 , wherein the OH functional group is in the alpha position with respect to the carboxylic acid moiety.6. The electrochemical cell as ...

Process for removing oxygenates from naphtha

A process is presented for the removal of contaminants like oxygenates from hydrocarbons. The contaminant oxygenates are removed from hydrocarbons that may be feed to cracking units. A crude feed stream is fed to a water wash column along with water to remove oxygenates and is subsequently treated with an adsorbent to effectively remove all the oxygenates from the crude hydrocarbon. A regenerant medium from a naphtha hydrotreating unit is used to regenerate the adsorbent.

BIO-BASED SYNTHETIC FLUIDS

A method is provided involving altering the viscosity of bio-derived paraffins to produce a paraffinic fluid, where the altering step includes chlorinating the bio-derived paraffins; the bio-derived paraffins include a hydrodeoxygenated product produced by hydrodeoxygenating a bio-based feed where the bio-based feed includes bio-derived fatty acids, fatty acid esters, or a combination thereof; the bio-derived paraffins include n-paraffins; and the n-paraffins have a biodegradability of at least 40% after about 23 days of exposure to microorganisms. Also provided are methods of protecting and/or cleaning a substance by applying the paraffinic fluid. 1. A method comprising altering the viscosity of bio-derived paraffms to produce a paraffmic fluid , whereinthe altering step comprises chlorinating the bio-derived paraffms to produce a chlorinated product, where the chlorinated product comprises haloalkanes and has a kinematic viscosity of greater than about 10 cSt at 40° C.;the paraffmic fluid comprises the chlorinated product;the bio-derived paraffms comprise a hydrodeoxygenated product produced by hydrodeoxygenating a bio-based feed where the bio-based feed comprises bio-derived fatty acids, fatty acid esters, or a combination thereof; and 'have a biodegradability of at least about 40% after about 23 days of exposure to microorganisms.', 'the bio-derived paraffms comprise n-paraffms where the n-paraffms have a kinematic viscosity of less than about 10 cSt at 40° C.; and'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein chlorinating the bio-derived paraffms comprises contacting the bio-derived paraffms with chlorine gas at a temperature between about 60° C. and about 150° C. to produce the chlorinated product.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the chlorinated product is about 30 wt % to about 70 wt % chlorine.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the chlorinated product has less than about 1 wt % aromatics.5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the chlorinated product is free of benzene.6 ...

REACTION-REGENERATION DEVICE AND PROCESS FOR ALKANE DEHYDROGENATION TO ALKENE

A reaction-regeneration device for catalytic dehydrogenation or/and catalytic cracking of alkanes comprises a reaction device and a regeneration device. The reaction device comprises a reactor and a disengager, and the disengager is located at an upper part of the reactor. The reactor comprises a tapering section, and diameters of cross sections of the tapering section gradually decrease from bottom to top. Secondary conversion of alkenes caused by back-mixing is reduced, and thus the yield and selectivity to alkenes are increased. 1. A catalyst regeneration device , comprisinga regenerator for accommodating a catalyst and a regeneration disengager,wherein diameters of cross sections of the regenerator are decreased from top to bottom, anda circular pipe sleeve is arranged at a lower position inside the regenerator.2. The catalyst regeneration device according to claim 1 , wherein the circular pipe sleeve is parallel to an axis of the regenerator.3. The catalyst regeneration device according to claim 1 , wherein the circular pipe sleeve is coaxial with the regenerator.4. The catalyst regeneration device according to claim 1 , wherein a height of the circular pipe sleeve in the regenerator is less than two thirds of a height of a catalyst dense-phase bed layer.5. The catalyst regeneration device according to claim 1 , wherein a height of the circular pipe sleeve in the regenerator is less than one third of a height of a catalyst dense-phase bed layer.6. The catalyst regeneration device according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , fuel and air are directly fed into the circular pipe sleeve.7. A regeneration method for alkane dehydrogenation catalyst claim 1 , comprising the following step:spent catalyst entering a regeneration disengager, and fuel and air entering a regenerator from a lower part or bottom of the regenerator;gas moving upwards in the regenerator, a linear speed of the gas gradually decreasing from bottom to top, and, the spent catalyst moving upwards at a ...

Recycle content (c4)alkanal

A recycle content ethylene is fed to a reactor to make propionaldehyde having recycle content. The recycle ethylene feedstock is derived directly or indirectly from the cracking of recycle content pyrolysis oil. The cracking of the pyrolysis oil can be conducted in a gas furnace or a split furnace.

Method of Manufacturing a Reforming Fuel by Adding Water to a Fuel Oil and the Manufacturing Apparatus thereof

A method of manufacturing a reforming fuel by adding water to a fuel oil and a manufacturing apparatus is provided, the method and the apparatus comprising of preprocessing water in a water tank, aerating the water simultaneously in the water tank using the air previously processed by passing through ceramic catalyst, passing the water to an ultrasonic and electric field chamber, preprocessing fuel oil in a fuel oil tank with the catalyst, mixing the pre-processed water and fuel oil in a mixing chamber to produce a reforming fuel oil and passing the reforming fuel oil through one or a plurality of combination chambers.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS

A blend for producing a mixture of hydrocarbons by thermal cracking, the blend comprising a renewable paraffin composition and fossil naphtha. 1. A blend for producing a mixture of hydrocarbons by thermal cracking , the blend comprising:a renewable paraffin composition and fossil naphtha,wherein the renewable paraffin composition contains more than 70 wt-% isoparaffins, the isoparaffins contain more than 20 wt-% multiple branched isoparaffins.2. The blend according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a wt-% amount multiple branched isoparaffins of the renewable paraffin composition to combined wt-% amounts of n-paraffins and monobranched isoparaffins of the renewable paraffin composition is at least 0.30.3. The blend according to claim 1 , wherein the blend comprises:at least 1 wt-% and at most 99 wt-% fossil naphtha.4. The blend according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the wt-% amount isoparaffins of the renewable paraffin composition to the wt-% amount of n-paraffins of the renewable paraffin composition is at least 4.0.5. The blend according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the wt-% amount isoparaffins of the renewable paraffin composition to the wt-% amount of n-paraffins of the renewable paraffin composition is at least 2.5.6. The blend according to claim 3 , wherein the isoparaffin content of the renewable paraffin composition is in a range from 73 wt-% to 95 wt-%.7. The blend according to claim 3 , wherein the total amount of isoparaffins in the renewable paraffin composition being more than 70 wt-% and the total amount of paraffins in the renewable paraffin composition being at least 90 wt-%.8. The blend according to claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffin composition contains at least 75 wt-% isoparaffins.9. The blend according to claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffin composition contains at least 80 wt-% isoparaffins.10. The blend according to claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffin composition contains at least 25 wt-% multiple branched isoparaffins. ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBONS

A method for producing a mixture hydrocarbons; a blend for producing a mixture of hydrocarbons; a mixture of hydrocarbons; and use of the mixture of hydrocarbons for producing chemicals and/or polymers. 1. A method for producing a mixture of hydrocarbons , the method comprising:(a) providing a renewable paraffin composition containing at least 75 wt-% isoparaffins;(b) combining fossil naphtha with the renewable paraffin composition to form a blend; and(c) thermally cracking the blend to produce a mixture of hydrocarbons.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffin composition contains at least 80 wt % isoparaffins.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffin composition contains at least 25 wt-% multiple branched isoparaffins.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffin composition contains at least 90 wt-% paraffins.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein fossil naphtha is combined with the renewable paraffin composition such that the blend contains at least 1 wt % fossil naphtha claim 1 , a sum of wt-% amounts of the renewable paraffin composition and of the fossil naphtha in the blend being selected to contain at least 90 wt-% claim 1 , of a total weight of the blend.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein fossil naphtha is combined with the renewable paraffin composition such that the blend contains at most 99 wt-% claim 1 , fossil naphtha.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffin composition and the fossil naphtha form one liquid phase above a pour point of the blend.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the thermally cracking is steam cracking.9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein providing a renewable paraffin composition comprises:(i) preparing a hydrocarbon raw material from a renewable feedstock; and(ii) subjecting at least straight chain hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon raw material to an isomerization treatment to prepare the renewable ...

Processing biomass and petroleum containing materials

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Methods and systems for supplying hydrogen to a hydrocatalytic reaction

Systems and methods involving hydrocatalytic reactions that use molecular hydrogen obtained from a biogas generated from at least a portion of the hydrocatalytic reaction product. Hydrocatalytic reactions can require significant quantities of molecular hydrogen, particularly if the molecular hydrogen is being introduced under dynamic flow conditions. The present disclosure provides systems and methods that can allow for reducing the carbon footprint of the fuels formed from the hydrocatalytic reaction because at least a portion of the hydrogen used in the hydrocatalytic reaction has low carbon footprint. A fuel with low carbon footprint can qualify for certain governmental status that provides certain benefits.

COMPOSITIONS OF MATTER COMPRISING EXTRACTED ALGAE OIL

Crude algae oils produced by practical extraction techniques comprise a wide range of molecular species that can be characterized by advanced analytical techniques. The algae oils comprise a complex mixture of a large number of molecules having varying sizes and therefore varying boiling points, and comprise high nitrogen, oxygen, and fatty acid content, but low sulfur, saturated hydrocarbons, and triglyceride content. Hydrogen/carbon molar ratios are typically greater than 1.6. The wide range of molecular species in the crude algae oils, while unusual compared to conventional refinery feed stocks and vegetable oils, may be upgraded into fuels by conventional refining approaches such as hydrotreating and thermal treatment. Unusual behavior of the algae oils in thermal processing and/or hydrotreatment may provide a high quality product slate, with the flexibility to adjust the product slate due to enhanced cracking behavior exhibited by these algae oils. 169-. (canceled)70. An oleaginous composition comprising an algal oil extracted from biomass comprising a non-vascular photosynthetic organism , wherein the algal oil comprises: an area percent of saturated hydrocarbons from about 1.2 to about 3.0; and an area percent of unsaturated hydrocarbons from about 5.8 to about 9.9; and an area percent of aromatics from about 2.5 to about 3.7; and an area percent of Nitrogen compounds from about 4.2 to about 8.1; and an area percent of amides from about 1.1 to about 13.7; and an area percent of Oxygen compounds from about 1.9 to about 6.9.71. The composition of claim 70 , whereina) the algal oil further comprises an area percent of fatty acids and/or fatty acid esters from about 22.7 to about 35.5, orb) the algal oil further comprises an area percent of sterols and/or steroids from about 3.4 to about 4.0.72DunaliellaScenedesmusSpirulina. The composition of claim 70 , wherein the non-vascular photosynthetic organism is a microalga claim 70 , a species claim 70 , a species ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PROCESSING CELLULOSIC BIOMASS

Separation of a product of digestion of cellulosic biomass solids may be challenging due to the various components contained therein. Methods and systems for processing cellulosic biomass, particularly a reaction product of a hydrothermal reaction containing lignin-derived products, such as phenolics, comprise providing the reaction product to a separation zone comprising a liquid-liquid extraction unit. The liquid-liquid extraction unit can provide an aqueous portion and a non-aqueous portion, where these portions can be separated into various fractions individually. For example, desirable compounds in the aqueous portion and non-aqueous portion can be recovered from the portions individually and optionally combined to be further processed into a fuels product. Heavier components in the aqueous portion and non-aqueous portion can be recovered from the portions individually and used in the process, such as phenolics that can be used as a digestion solvent. 1. A method comprising:(a) heating cellulosic biomass solids, molecular hydrogen, a catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen, and a digestion solvent in a reactor in a first reaction zone to produce a first reaction product;(b) providing a first extraction solvent and at least a portion of the first reaction product to a first liquid-liquid extraction unit in a separation zone to recover a first aqueous stream and a first non-aqueous stream, wherein the first aqueous stream comprises a major portion of water in said portion of the first reaction product;(c) providing the first aqueous stream and a second extraction solvent to a second liquid-liquid extraction unit in the separation zone to recover a second aqueous stream and a second non-aqueous stream;(d) optionally providing at least a portion of the first reaction product to a gas separator unit to recover a vapor fraction comprising compounds with a normal boiling point of 100 degrees C. or lower before providing the first reaction product to the ...

Blends of Low Carbon And Conventional Fuels with Improved Performance Characteristics

The present invention provides a blended fuel and methods for producing the blended fuel, wherein a low carbon fuel derived from a renewable resource such as biomass, is blended with a traditional, petroleum derived fuel. A blended fuel which includes greater than 10% by volume of low carbon fuel has an overall improved lifecycle greenhouse gas content of about 5% or more compared to the petroleum derived fuel. Also, blending of the low carbon fuel to the traditional, petroleum fuel improves various engine performance characteristics of the traditional fuel. 1. A blended fuel comprising:(a) about 5% to about 90%, by volume, of a petroleum fuel; and(b) about 95% to about 10%, by volume, of a low carbon fuel produced from a renewable biomass feedstock, using a thermochemical or biochemical conversion process,wherein the low carbon fuel has a well-to-wheels greenhouse gas content which is at least about 50% lower than a well-to-wheels greenhouse gas content of the petroleum fuel, and the low carbon fuel has at least two performance characteristic values measurable by ASTM tests which are at least about 30% improved than corresponding performance characteristic values of the petroleum fuel; andwherein the blended fuel has a well-to-wheels greenhouse gas content which is at least 5% lower than the well-to-wheels greenhouse gas content of the petroleum fuel, and the blended fuel has at least two performance characteristic values measurable by ASTM tests which are at least about 5% improved than corresponding performance characteristic values of the petroleum fuel.2. Wherein the blended fuel of is produced by a process that involves converting a renewable biomass feedstock into a syngas; and reacting the syngas with a catalyst to produce the low carbon fuel.3. The blended fuel of claim 1 , wherein the performance characteristic values are any two of a cetane number claim 1 , a lubricity value claim 1 , a sulfur content claim 1 , and an oxidative stability value.4. The ...

Method and System for Performing Gasification of Carbonaceous Feedstock

The gasification of a carbonaceous material includes receiving a volume of feedstock, supplying thermal energy to the volume of feedstock to convert at least a portion of the volume of feedstock to at least one pyrolysis reaction product via at least one pyrolysis reaction, super-heating the at least one pyrolysis reaction product, providing a volume of super-heated steam, mixing the volume of super-heated steam with the super-heated at least one pyrolysis reaction product and converting at least a portion of at least one reformed product to at least one synthesis gas product via at least one water-gas-shift reaction.

Method for producing hydrocarbon liquid fuel

A method for producing a hydrocarbon liquid fuel including hydrocracking a raw material oil in the presence of a hydrocracking catalyst, at a supplying pressure of hydrogen of from 0.1 to 1.0 MPa, a liquid space velocity of liquid volume of the raw material oil of from 0.05 to 10.0 hr −1 , and a flow rate of the hydrogen from 50 to 3,000 NL per 1 L of the raw material oil, wherein the hydrocracking catalyst is produced by a method including stirring a sulfur compound and a cracking catalyst in an aqueous medium to allow liquid-solid separation (step 1); stirring a solid product obtained in the step 1 and a metal component in an aqueous medium to allow liquid-solid separation (step 2); baking a solid product obtained in the step 2 (step 3); and reducing a solid product obtained in the step 3, or reducing a solid product obtained in the step 3, and then subjecting a reduced product to sulfurization treatment (step 4). According to the present invention, the hydrocracking of a raw material oil such as fats and oils and biomass retort oils, or a hydrocarbon or the like in petroleum oils, in a given composition can be accomplished by supplying a low-pressure hydrogen of a normal pressure or so.

ENHANCING CO-PROCESSING OF LIGNOCELLULOSE PYROLYSIS OIL BY ENHANCING ITS COMPATIBILITY WITH TYPICAL OIL REFINERY HYDROCARBON FEED

The present disclosure relates to co-processing at least a fossil-based feed, pyrolysis liquid and a distillation residue from tall oil distillation in an oil refinery conversion process. 1. A process comprising:co-processing at least a fossil-based feed, pyrolysis liquid (PL) and a distillation residue from tall oil distillation in an oil refinery conversion process.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the distillation residue from tall oil distillation is a tall oil pitch (TOP).3. The process according to claim 1 , comprising:deriving the pyrolysis liquid from a cellulose-containing raw material.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the fossil-based feed is at least one of:a pre-treated crude oil distillation fraction, a gas oil (GO), a vacuum gas oil (VGO), a Fischer-Tropsch wax, and a mixture of at least two thereof.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the pyrolysis liquid to the distillation residue (pyrolysis liquid:distillation residue) is selected to be in a range of at least one of:5:1 to 1:19 by weight, 4:1 by weight or lower, 2:1 by weight or lower, 1:1 by weight or lower; 1:7 by weight or higher, 1:5 by weight or higher, 1:4 by weight or higher, and 1:3 by weight or higher.6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein a total content of the pyrolysis liquid and the distillation residue is selected to be in a range of at least one of:1.0 to 80.0 wt.-% based on the whole feedstock, at most 50.0 wt.-%, at most 40.0 wt.-% and at most 30.0 wt.-%.7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein a total content of the fossil-based feed claim 1 , the pyrolysis liquid and the distillation residue is selected to be in a range of at least one of:10.0 to 100.0 wt.-% based on the whole feedstock, at least 50.0 wt.-%, at least 70.0 wt.-%, at least 80.0 wt.-%, at least 90.0 wt.-%, and at least 95.0 wt.-%.8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the pyrolysis liquid to the fossil-based feed (pyrolysis liquid:fossil-based ...

Processing biomass and petroleum containing materials

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

BIO-BASED SYNTHETIC FLUIDS

A method is provided involving altering the viscosity of bio-derived paraffins to produce a paraffinic fluid, where the altering step includes oligomerizing bio-derived paraffins, unsaturating bio-derived paraffins, chlorinating bio-derived paraffins, or a combination of any two or more thereof; the bio-derived paraffins are produced by hydrodeoxygenating a bio-based feed; the bio-based feed comprises bio-derived fatty acids, fatty acid esters, or a combination thereof; the bio-derived paraffins comprise n-paraffins; and the n-paraffins have a biodegradability of at least 40% after about 23 days of exposure to microorganisms. Also provided are methods of protecting a substance by applying a paraffinic fluid and a method of producing an orifice in a substrate by at least injecting a paraffinic fluid into the substrate. 121-. (canceled)22. A method comprising producing an orifice in a substrate by at least injecting a viscosity-altered paraffinic fluid into the substrate , whereinthe paraffinic fluid comprises a hydrodeoxygenated product and a hydroisomerized product;the hydrodeoxygenated product is produced by hydrodeoxygenating a bio-derived feed;the hydroisomerized product is produced by at least partially hydroisomerizing the hydrodeoxygenated product;the bio-derived feed comprises bio-derived fatty acids, fatty acid esters, or a combination thereof;the hydrodeoxygenated product comprises n-paraffins;the hydroisomerized product comprises isoparaffins;the paraffinic fluid contains less than about 1 wt % aromatics; and have a kinematic viscosity of less than about 10 cSt at 40° C.; and', 'have a biodegradability of at least about 40% after about 23 days of exposure to microorganisms;, 'the n-paraffins'} are at least about 80 wt % mono-methyl branched paraffins where the mono-methyl branched paraffins comprise less than about 30 wt % terminal branched isoparaffins;', 'have a kinematic viscosity of less than about 10 cSt at 40° C.; and', 'have a biodegradability of at ...

FUEL COMPOSITION

The present invention relates to a gasoline composition comprising a) 70-86% by volume of ethanol, b) a hydrocarbon component comprising hydrocarbons derived from feedstock comprising tall oil material, where said hydrocarbon component has RON of 50-70 and it comprises 25-60 mass % of naphthenes. 1. A fuel composition comprising a) 70-86% by volume of ethanol and b) 5-20% by volume of a hydrocarbon component comprising hydrocarbons derived from feedstock comprising tall oil material , where said hydrocarbon component has RON of 50-70 and said hydrocarbon component comprises 25-60 mass % of naphthenes.2. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein 30% by volume of the hydrocarbon component is evaporated at 70° C. claim 1 , 50% by volume of the component is evaporated at 100° C. claim 1 , and at least 85% by volume of the component is evaporated at temperatures up to 150° C. claim 1 , as measured by the method of EN ISO 3405.3. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon component has RON of 55-70.4. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon component comprises 8-30 mass % of Clinear alkanes claim 1 , preferably 10-20 mass % of Clinear alkanes.5. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon component comprises 5-50 mass % of Cbranched alkanes claim 1 , preferably 20-40 mass % Cbranched alkanes.6. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon component comprises 30-50 mass % of naphthenes claim 1 , preferably 35-45 mass % of naphthenes.7. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon component comprises 0.1-25 mass % of Caromatic hydrocarbons claim 1 , preferably 0.1-10 mass % of Caromatic hydrocarbons.8. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon component comprises no more than 1 mass % of alkenes.9. The fuel composition according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon component comprises no more than 0.5 mass % in total ...

PROCESSING BIOMASS

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation. 1. A method comprising:converting a treated biomass feedstock, utilizing an enzyme or a microorganism, to produce a product, wherein the feedstock has been treated by:preparing an untreated biomass feedstock by reducing one or more dimensions of individual pieces of biomass;irradiating the untreated biomass feedstock; andmechanically treating the irradiated biomass feedstock to reduce one or more dimensions of individual pieces of the pretreated biomass feedstock.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treated biomass feedstock has an uncompressed bulk density of less than about 0.6 g/cm3 claim 1 , wherein bulk density is determined using ASTM D1895B.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treated biomass feedstock includes fibers having a length/diameter (L/D) ratio of at least about 5.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein mechanically treating the irradiated biomass feedstock comprises milling the feedstock.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the untreated biomass feedstock comprises a cellulosic or lignocellulosic material.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the biomass feedstock is selected from the group consisting of paper claim 5 , paper products claim 5 , paper waste claim 5 , wood claim 5 , particle board claim 5 , sawdust claim 5 , agricultural waste claim 5 , sewage claim 5 , silage claim 5 , grasses claim 5 , rice hulls claim 5 , bagasse claim 5 , cotton claim 5 , jute claim 5 , hemp claim 5 , flax claim 5 , bamboo claim 5 , sisal claim 5 , abaca claim 5 , straw claim 5 , corn cobs claim 5 , corn stover claim 5 , switchgrass claim 5 , alfalfa claim 5 , hay claim 5 , coconut hair claim 5 , seaweed claim 5 , algae claim 5 , and mixtures thereof.7. The method ...

INTEGRATED WASTE CONVERSION SYSTEM AND METHOD

An entirely water-based, energy self-sufficient, integrated in-line waste management system is provided for comprehensive conversion of all organic fractions of municipal and wider community waste to fuels suitable for use in transportation, with all solid residues converted to high nutrition compost. The system is based on a combination of pre-treatment, involving alkaline hydrolysis and saponification; three-way separation of the pre-treated waste into different streams that are each directed to suitable further processing including fuel production; which includes biodiesel generation in a continuous-flow catalytic esterification unit, and anaerobic digestion to produce methane or other small molecule biofuel. Remaining solids are converted to compost in a quasi-continuous process. 1. A waste conversion system , comprisingat least one pre-treatment unit for receiving a stream of waste of which at least a portion thereof being organic waste, the pretreatment unit comprising at least one continuous-flow steam explosion reactor;at least one separation unit, for receiving a stream of pre-treated waste from said pre-treatment unit, the separation unit comprising at least one conditioning section and at least one separation section for the separation of conditioned waste into at least one fat/oil component and at least one aqueous component;at least one biodiesel production unit, for generating biodiesel from the at least one fat/oil component;at least one digestion unit, for anaerobic digestion and/or fermentation of the at least one aqueous component; andat least one composting unit, for the generation of compost from solid organic material.2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein said steam explosion reactor comprises a high-pressure retention section and a pressure relief section and wherein said high-pressure retention section comprises at least one adjustable-speed conveyor for transporting said stream of waste through said section.3. The system according to ...

BIOMASS CONVERSION SYSTEMS PROVIDING INTEGRATED STABILIZATION OF A HYDROLYSATE USING A SLURRY CATALYST FOLLOWING BIOMASS PRETREATMENT AND METHODS FOR USE THEREOF

Digestion of cellulosic biomass solids to form a hydrolysate may be conducted with integrated catalytic reduction during digestion to transform soluble carbohydrates in the hydrolysate into a more stable reaction product. Such integrated catalytic reduction may be conducted using a slurry catalyst. Biomass conversion systems for performing integrated catalytic reduction can comprise: a hydrothermal digestion unit that contains a slurry catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen; an optional hydrogen feed line that is operatively connected to the hydrothermal digestion unit; a fluid circulation loop comprising the hydrothermal digestion unit and a catalytic reduction reactor unit, the catalytic reduction reactor unit also containing the slurry catalyst; a pretreatment digestion unit that is not part of the fluid circulation loop and does not contain the slurry catalyst; and a solids transport mechanism operatively connecting the pretreatment digestion unit to the hydrothermal digestion unit. 1. A method comprising:providing cellulosic biomass solids in a pretreatment digestion unit;heating the cellulosic biomass solids in the pretreatment digestion unit at a first temperature in a range of 100° C. and 160° C. for a first time period of 4 hours or less, the first temperature and the first time period being sufficient to remove at least a portion of the hemicellulose and lignins from the cellulosic biomass solids, thereby producing a biomass pulp;transferring at least a portion of the biomass pulp to a hydrothermal digestion unit that contains a slurry catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen;heating the biomass pulp in the hydrothermal digestion unit at a second temperature in a range of 160° C. and 260° C. for a second time period of 1 hour or more in the presence of molecular hydrogen while circulating the slurry catalyst therethrough, the second temperature and the second time period being sufficient to digest at least a portion of the cellulose, ...

Pyrolysis reactions in the presence of an alkene

Described herein are methods for producing branched alkanes and branched alkenes from the pyrolysis of radical precursors. The branched alkanes and branched alkenes have numerous applications as fuels, platform chemicals, and solvents.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING GASOLINE OR DIMETHYL ETHER

A system or method for producing gasoline or dimethyl ether from natural gas via methanol includes: steam-reforming natural gas to generate reformed gas; synthesizing methanol from the reformed gas; synthesizing gasoline or dimethyl ether from the methanol; and at least one is selected from the group consisting of: pre-reforming natural gas prior to the steam-reforming; recovering carbon dioxide from flue gas generated in the steam-reforming; and preheating combustion air to be supplied to the steam-reforming by using synthesis heat generated in the synthesis of gasoline or dimethyl ether. In addition, an overall energy balance of the system is constructed by using heat recovery from flue gas generated in the steam-reforming, heat recovery from the reformed gas, synthesis heat generated in the synthesis of methanol, synthesis heat generated in the synthesis of gasoline or DME, and heat recovered in the pre-reforming, carbon dioxide recovering, or air preheating, respectively if selected. 1. A system for producing gasoline or dimethyl ether from natural gas via methanol , comprising:a steam-reforming device for generating reformed gas by steam-reforming natural gas;a methanol synthesis device for synthesizing methanol from the reformed gas generated by the steam reforming device;a gasoline or dimethyl ether synthesis device for synthesizing gasoline or dimethyl ether from the methanol synthesized by the methanol synthesis device; and a pre-reforming device for pre-reforming the natural gas prior to the steam-reforming of the natural gas;', 'a carbon dioxide recovery device for recovering carbon dioxide from flue gas of the steam reforming device; and', 'an air preheating device for preheating combustion air to be supplied to the steam-reforming device by using the gasoline or dimethyl ether synthesis device,, 'at least one device selected from the group consisting ofwherein an overall energy balance of the system is constructed by using heat recovery from the flue ...

PROCESS FOR MAKING RENEWABLE SURFACTANT INTERMEDIATES AND SURFACTANTS FROM FATS AND OILS AND PRODUCTS THEREOF

The present invention relates generally to methods for producing renewable detergent compounds. More specifically, the invention relates to methods for producing detergent intermediates, including bio-linear alkylbenzene (LAB), bio-alcohols, and long chain bio-paraffins, from natural oils. 1. A method for producing an alkylbenzene and a detergent alcohol from a natural oil comprising:a) providing a first feed stream comprising natural oil;b) deoxygenating said first feed stream to form a stream comprising paraffins;c) removing volatile components and gases from said stream comprising paraffins to form a purified paraffin stream;d) fractionating said purified paraffin stream into three fractions, wherein a first fraction comprises a lower boiling range, a second fraction comprises a middle boiling range, and a third fraction comprises a high boiling range;e) dehydrogenating said first fraction to form a stream comprising olefins;f) alkylating said stream comprising olefins with a second feed stream comprising benzene to form a stream comprising alkylbenzenes;g) dehydrogenating said second fraction to form a stream comprising olefins and paraffins;h) separating said olefins from said paraffins in said stream comprising olefins and paraffins to form an olefin stream;i) hydroformylating said olefin stream to form a stream comprising detergent alcohols.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said third fraction is sulfoxidized to form a stream comprising paraffin sulfonate.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said purified paraffin stream has greater than about 90% purity claim 1 , wherein said purified paraffin stream comprises less than about 5% branched paraffins claim 1 , less than about 3% olefins and cyclic compounds claim 1 , and less than about 2% alcohols claim 1 , esters claim 1 , aldehydes claim 1 , and fatty acids.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said purified paraffin stream comprises paraffins ranging in chain length from C10 to C18.5. The method of claim 1 , ...

BIOREFINERY SYSTEM, METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS THEREOF

The present disclosure relates to bioengineering approaches for producing biofuel and, in particular, to the use of a Cmetabolizing microorganism reactor system for converting Csubstrates, such as methane or methanol, into biomass and subsequently into biofuels, bioplastics, or the like. 1. A controlled culturing unit in which a Csubstrate is delivered in a gas phase to a microbial biofilm in solid phase fermentation , and wherein the microbial biofilm comprises a recombinant Cmetabolizing microorganism ,{'sub': 1', '1', '1', '1, 'wherein the Cmetabolizing microorganism comprises a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a thioesterase, a malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase or any combination thereof, and wherein the Cmetabolizing microorganism accumulates an increased level of fatty acids when grown on the Csubstrate as compared to a wild-type Cmetabolizing microorganism without the heterologous polynucleotide.'}2. The controlled culturing unit of claim 1 , wherein the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the thioesterase is codon optimized for expression in the Cmetabolizing microorganism.3E. coli. The controlled culturing unit of claim 1 , wherein the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the malonyl CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase is an fabD and wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is codon optimized for expression in the Cmetabolizing microorganism.4E. coli. The controlled culturing unit of claim 1 , wherein the heterologous polynucleotide encoding the acetyl-CoA carboxylase is an accA claim 1 , accB claim 1 , accC claim 1 , accD claim 1 , or any combination thereof and wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is codon optimized for expression in the Cmetabolizing microorganism.5. The controlled culturing unit of claim 1 , wherein the Cmetabolizing microorganism further comprises a mutation that minimizes or eliminates fatty acid-CoA ligase activity claim 1 , wherein the mutation is in an endogenous fatty acid-CoA ligase ...

Biomass Fertilization Vessels

A system for collecting and/or harvesting biomass comprises a first module adapted to accept a fluid stream. The first module includes a gate that is adapted to regulate the flow of the fluid stream. The system includes a second module downstream of the first module. The second module accepts a fluid from the first module and directs at least a portion of the fluid to the first module. A third module downstream of the second module includes one or more surfaces for retaining one or more microorganisms upon the flow of at least a portion of the fluid stream through the third module.

Biomass conversion systems having a fluid circulation loop containing backflushable filters for control of cellulosic fines and methods for use thereof

Digestion of cellulosic biomass to produce a hydrolysate may be accompanied by the formation of cellulosic fines which may be damaging to system components. Biomass conversion systems that may address the issue of cellulosic fines may comprise a fluid circulation loop comprising: a hydrothermal digestion unit; a solids separation unit that is in fluid communication with an outlet of the hydrothermal digestion unit; where the solids separation unit comprises a plurality of filters and the filters are in fluid communication with the fluid circulation loop in both a forward and a reverse flow direction; and a catalytic reduction reactor unit that is in fluid communication with an outlet of the solids separation unit and an inlet of the hydrothermal digestion unit; where at least one of the plurality of filters is in fluid communication with an inlet of the catalytic reduction reactor unit.

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PERFORMING GASIFICATION OF CARBONACEOUS FEEDSTOCK

The gasification of a carbonaceous material includes receiving a volume of feedstock, supplying thermal energy to the volume of feedstock to convert at least a portion of the volume of feedstock to at least one pyrolysis reaction product via at least one pyrolysis reaction, super-heating the at least one pyrolysis reaction product, providing a volume of super-heated steam, mixing the volume of super-heated steam with the super-heated at least one pyrolysis reaction product and converting at least a portion of at least one reformed product to at least one synthesis gas product via at least one water-gas-shift reaction. 1. A method comprising:receiving a volume of feedstock;supplying thermal energy to the volume of feedstock to convert at least a portion of the volume of feedstock to at least one pyrolysis reaction product via at least one pyrolysis reaction;super-heating the at least one pyrolysis reaction product;providing a volume of super-heated steam;mixing the volume of super-heated steam with the super-heated at least one pyrolysis reaction product;converting at least a portion of at least one reformed product to at least one synthesis gas product via at least one water-gas-shift reaction;compressing the at least one synthesis gas product in at least one compression phase;converting at least a portion of the compressed at least one synthesis gas product to a volume of methanol; andconverting at least a portion of the volume of methanol to a volume of gasoline.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the receiving a volume of feedstock includes:receiving a volume of coal.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the supplying thermal energy to the volume of feedstock to convert at least a portion of the volume of feedstock to at least one pyrolysis reaction product via at least one pyrolysis reaction includes:supplying thermal energy to the volume of feedstock to convert at least a portion of the volume of feedstock to at least one pyrolysis reaction product including at ...

Systems and Methods for Renewable Fuel

The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed to methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit; for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or hydrotreating unit; for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and uses and value of the products resulting therefrom. 1. A method , comprising:i) pre-mixing a non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil with a first petroleum fraction to form a mixture, the mixture containing 20-80 wt. % of the non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil; andii) co-processing the mixture with a second petroleum fraction in a fluidized catalytic cracker.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the total weight of non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil co-processed is 1-5 wt. % claim 1 , relative to combined weight of the mixture and the second petroleum fraction.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the total weight of non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil co-processed claim 1 , relative to the weight of the second petroleum fraction claim 1 , is 0.05-7 wt. %.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture contains 40-60 wt. % of the non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil is an unenriched renewable fuel oil.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the non-hydrotreated renewable fuel oil is a product of grinding and non-catalytic rapid thermal processing of a non-hydrotreated cellulosic biomass to convert at least 60 wt. % of the cellulosic biomass to the unenriched renewable fuel oil.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the rapid thermal processing and the fluidized catalytic cracking occur in a refinery.8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the non ...

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR RECOVERY OF STRANDED GAS AND OIL

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for using recombinant Cmetabolizing microorganisms capable of metabolizing sulfur containing compounds and other contaminants to biologically convert sour or acidic natural gas into high-value molecules, and to allow recovery of stranded oil. 1125.-. (canceled)126. A recombinant methanotrophic or methylotrophic bacterium , comprising: [{'sup': '+', '(i) a hydrogen sulfide:NADP oxidoreductase, hydrogen sulfide:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, sulfide: flavocytochrome-c oxidoreductase, sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, sulfur dioxygenase, sulfite oxidase, or any combination thereof;'}, {'sup': '+', '(ii) a hydrogen sulfide:NADP oxidoreductase, sulfite oxidase, or both;'}, '(iii) a hydrogen sulfide:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, sulfite oxidase, or both;', '(iv) a sulfide:flavocytochrome-c oxidoreductase, sulfite oxidase, or both;', '(v) a sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, sulfite oxidase, or both; and', {'sup': '+', '(vi) a hydrogen sulfide:NADP oxidoreductase, hydrogen sulfide:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, sulfide: flavocytochrome-c oxidoreductase, or sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, wherein endogenous sulfite oxidase activity of the bacterium is increased; and'}], '(a) a first heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide capable of metabolizing an S substrate selected from (i) the cysteine biosynthesis pathway comprises a cysteine synthase;', '(ii) the homocysteine biosynthesis pathway comprises an O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase; and', '(iii) the methionine biosynthesis pathway comprises an O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase and a methionine synthase or a homocysteine methyltransferase;, '(b) a second heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding a cysteine biosynthesis pathway, homocysteine biosynthesis pathway, or a methionine biosynthesis pathway, wherein{'sub': '1', 'wherein the recombinant methanotrophic or methylotrophic bacterium is capable of converting a feedstock comprising the S substrate and a ...

Processing biomass and petroleum containing materials

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Systems and methods related to olefin production

In accordance with the present invention, disclosed herein is a method comprising the steps for producing lower molecular weight C1-C5 hydrocarbons and alcohols. Also disclosed herein, are systems utilized to produce low molecular weight C1-C5 hydrocarbons and alcohols.

Flexible Options for Utilizing Naphtha from a Low Temperature Fischer-Tropsch Process in a Plant Converting Biomass to Syncrude or Transportation Fuels

A bio-reforming reactor receives biomass to generate chemical grade syngas for a coupled downstream train of a low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch reactor train that uses this syngas derived from the biomass in the bio-reforming reactor. A renewable carbon content of the produced gasoline, jet fuel, and/or diesel derived from the coupled downstream train the low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch reactor train are optimized for recovery of renewable carbon content to produce fuel products with 100% biogenic carbon content and/or fuel products with 50-100% biogenic carbon content. The low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch reactor train produces syncrude, transportation fuels such as bio-gasoline or bio-diesel, or a combination thereof. 1. An integrated plant , comprising: wherein a first stage of the bio-reforming reactor includes a circulating fluidized bed reactor that has one or more media inputs to feed heat-absorbing media, a vessel to circulate the heat-absorbing media, and one or more biomass inputs to supply the biomass,', 'wherein the first stage is configured to cause a set of chemical reactions in the biomass to produce reaction products of constituent gases, tars, chars, and other components, which exit through a reactor output from the first stage,', {'sub': 1', '4, 'wherein a second stage of the bio-reforming reactor has an input configured to receive a stream of some of the reaction products including the constituent gases and at least some of the tars as raw syngas, and then chemically reacts the raw syngas within a vessel of the second stage to yield a chemical grade syngas by further processing including cracking and/or reforming the 1) tars, 2) light hydrocarbons (C-C) or 3) both into constituent molecules,'}, 'wherein the chemical grade syngas is mixed with a natural gas-derived syngas from a steam methane reformer to form a mixed syngas that is supplied to an input of the LTFT reactor train configured to produce LTFT fuel product, and', {'sub': 1', '5', '1', '5, ...

DISCRIMINATE MASS TRANSFER IN A WET OXIDATION SYSTEM

A method for treatment of a lignocellulosic biomass using an oxidizing agent selected from an oxygen-containing gas, hydrogen peroxide, ozone and oxidizing acids. The treatment products may be subjected to microbial digestion in order to generate one or more desirable products from the carbonaceous feedstock. The solid portion of the reaction products may be further processed to be used in the paper industry. 1. A method for treating a lignocellulosic biomass , comprising the steps of:{'b': '10', 'swelling () the lignocellulosic biomass with water and/or steam in the presence of a chemical base;'}{'b': 100', '10, 'adsorbing (), after the swelling step (), at least one oxidizing agent selected from an oxygen-containing gas, hydrogen peroxide, ozone and oxidizing acids from a liquid phase of an aqueous mixture comprising water, at least one oxidizing agent and the lignocellulosic biomass, onto the lignocellulosic biomass under conditions at which substantially no oxidative depolymerization of carbonaceous materials of the lignocellulosic biomass will occur in order to produce an aqueous mixture with the liquid phase having a reduced content of the oxidizing agent and lignocellulosic biomass having oxidizing agent adsorbed on a surface thereof; and'}{'b': 200', '100, 'heating () the aqueous mixture produced in the adsorbing step () to a temperature and a sufficient time to oxidatively depolymerize and solubilize at least a portion of the lignocellulosic biomass.'}210. The method of claim 1 , wherein the swelling step () is carried out at a temperature in a range of from about 25° C. to about 100° C. and under a pressure of less than about 30 psi.3100. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adsorbing step () is carried out a temperature below about 220° C. for a period of less than about 1 hour.4200. The method of claim 1 , wherein the products of the heating step () have an oxygen to carbon molar ratio that is from 30% to 200% higher than an oxygen to carbon molar ratio ...

Methods for treating lignocellulosic materials

The present invention relates to methods of processing lignocellulosic material to obtain hemicellulose sugars, cellulose sugars, lignin, cellulose and other high-value products such as asphalt and bio oils. Also provided are hemicellulose sugars, cellulose sugars, lignin, cellulose, and other high-value products such as asphalt and bio oils.

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR RECOVERY OF STRANDED GAS AND OIL

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for using recombinant C1 metabolizing microorganisms capable of metabolizing sulfur containing compounds and other contaminants to biologically convert sour or acidic natural gas into high-value molecules, and to allow recovery of stranded oil. 1. A method for treating gas , comprising culturing a first recombinant Cmetabolizing microorganism with a tainted gas feedstock ,{'sub': '1', 'wherein the tainted gas feedstock comprises a Csubstrate and an S substrate;'}{'sub': '1', 'wherein the recombinant Cmetabolizing microorganism comprises a first exogenous nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide capable of metabolizing the S substrate; and'}{'sub': '1', 'wherein the recombinant Cmetabolizing microorganism assimilates and/or oxidizes each substrate.'}2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide capable of metabolizing the S substrate is a hydrogen sulfide:NADP oxidoreductase claim 1 , hydrogen sulfide:ferredoxin oxidoreductase claim 1 , sulfide:flavocytochrome-c oxidoreductase claim 1 , sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase claim 1 , sulfur dioxygenase claim 1 , sulfite oxidase claim 1 , or any combination thereof.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide capable of metabolizing the S substrate is hydrogen sulfide:NADP oxidoreductase claim 1 , sulfite oxidase claim 1 , or both.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide capable of metabolizing the S substrate is hydrogen sulfide:ferredoxin oxidoreductase claim 1 , sulfite oxidase claim 1 , or both.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide capable of metabolizing the S substrate is sulfide:flavocytochrome-c oxidoreductase claim 1 , sulfite oxidase claim 1 , or both.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide capable of metabolizing the S substrate is sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase claim 1 , sulfite oxidase claim 1 , or both.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ...

Labyrinthulid microorganism capable of producing microbial oil, microbial oil, methods for producing said microorganism and for producing said microbial oil, and uses of said microorganism and said microbial oil

A Labyrinthulid microorganism capable of producing a PUFA only through the elongase-desaturase pathway. A Labyrinthulid microorganism which has no ability of producing a PUFA through the endogenous PUFA-PKS pathway or has the ability at an extremely weak level and which has an ability of producing a PUFA through the endogenous elongase-desaturase pathway. The Labyrinthulid microorganism is a microorganism belonging to the genus Parietichytrium or Parietichytrium.

Methods and compositions for producing olefins

Compositions and methods for producing olefins are described herein. The olefins can be used to produced biofuels.

Method or system for recovering carbon dioxide

A method or system for recovering carbon dioxide is provided with which in a plant for synthesizing methanol from a hydrocarbon gas or synthesizing gasoline therefrom via methanol, the waste heat of a low-temperature reformed gas, which has conventionally been discarded and is difficult to reutilize, can be effectively utilized. In the system for synthesizing methanol or gasoline from a hydrocarbon gas and for recovering carbon dioxide, a reformed gas is produced by steam reforming of the hydrocarbon gas. Since a combustion discharge gas generates when a fuel gas is burned in order to obtain a heat source for the steam reforming, carbon dioxide is recovered from the combustion discharge gas in an absorption tower ( 40 ) using an absorption liquid. In a regeneration tower ( 10 ), the reformed gas is used first as a heat source for a first reboiler ( 20 A) located at the tower bottom, and the reformed gas having a lowered temperature is then used as a heat source for a second reboiler ( 20 B) located in a middle position to heat the absorption liquid in stages, thereby regenerating the absorption liquid.

Process for the Production of Bio-Naphtha from Complex Mixtures of Natural Occurring Fats & Oils

A process for making a bio-diesel and a bio-naphtha from a complex mixture of natural occurring fats & oils may include subjecting the complex mixture to a refining treatment for removing non-triglyceride and non-fatty acid components, thereby obtaining refined oils. The complex mixture or refined oils may be subjected hydrolysis for obtaining glycerol and free fatty acids. The free fatty acids may be subjected to fractionation for obtaining: a liquid part (phase L); and a solid part (phase S). The phase L may be transformed into alkyl-esters as bio-diesel by an esterification. The phase S may be transformed into linear paraffins as the bio-naphtha by: hydrodeoxygenation or decarboxylation of the free fatty acids; or obtaining fatty acids soaps from the phase S and decarboxylation of the fatty acids soaps. 113-. (canceled)14. A process comprising:optionally subjecting a complex mixture of natural occurring fats & oils to a refining treatment for removing a major part of non-triglyceride and non-fatty acid components, thereby obtaining refined oils;subjecting the complex mixture or the refined oils to a hydrolysis step for obtaining glycerol and a mixture of free fatty acids; a liquid or substantially liquid free fatty acids part (phase L); and', 'a solid or substantially solid free fatty acids part (phase S);, 'subjecting the mixture of free fatty acids to a fractionation step by fractional crystallization for obtainingtransforming the phase L into alkyl-esters as bio-diesel by an esterification; hydrodeoxygenation or decarboxylation of the free fatty acids; or', 'obtaining fatty acids soaps from the phase S and transforming the fatty acids soaps into linear or substantially linear paraffins as the bio-naphtha by decarboxylation of the fatty acids soaps., 'transforming the phase S into linear or substantially linear paraffins as bio-naphtha by15. The process according to claim 14 , wherein the complex mixture of natural occurring fats & oils is selected among ...

BIOREFINING OF CRUDE TALL OIL

The present invention pertains to a process for refining of crude tall oil (CTO). The process comprises fractionation under vacuum of a refined CTO into at least one stream of refined tall diesel (RTD) or tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), the RTD or TOFA comprises from 2-30% by volume of resin acids and from 20-90% by volume of fatty acids, and at least one stream of resin acid(s) (RA) comprising less than 5% by volume of fatty acids. The stream of RTD or TOFA is deoxygenated forming hydrocarbon compounds in a subsequent step. This invention also relates to a refined tall diesel. Furthermore, a process for the production of a refined tall diesel (RTD) composition, wherein crude sulphate turpentine(s) (CST) is added to the refined tall diesel (RTD) composition, is described. 137-. (canceled)38. A process for the refining of crude tall oil (CTO) , wherein the process comprises fractionation under vacuum of a refined CTO into at least one stream of refined tall diesel (RTD) or tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) , said RTD or TOFA comprising from 2-30% by volume of resin acids and from 20-90% by volume of fatty acids , characterized by that the refined CTO is charged to a first fractionation step for separation of tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) and resin acids (RA) from tall oil pitch (TOP) followed by a second fractionation step wherein a stream rich in RTD or TOFA components having a boiling point at atmospheric pressure in a range of 170-420° C. is separated from a stream rich in RA , which RA is further purified in a third step being a RA purification step , so that the fractionation also yields at least one stream of RA comprising less than 5% by volume of fatty acids.39. The process according to claim 38 , wherein the stream of RTD or TOFA is deoxygenated forming hydrocarbon compounds in a subsequent step.40. The process according to claim 38 , wherein the first fractionation step for separation is performed in one or more TFEs arranged in parallel or in series.41. The process ...

Method for producing renewable fuels

The present invention relates to production of renewable fuels and fuel components from plant oil originating from at least one Brassica species, where said Brassica species, doped with at least one nitrogen-fixing bacteria, is cultivated to obtain Brassica seed oil, and feedstock comprising the Brassica seed oil is converted in a converting step, whereby renewable fuel or renewable fuel components are obtained. The invention also relates to a method for reducing nitrate release in renewable fuel production. Further, the invention relates to a method for reducing greenhouse gases in renewable fuel production.

Process for liquid-liquid extraction of a blend of non-uniform oligomers and polymers

A process for liquid-liquid extraction of an oil-blend of non-uniform oligomeric and polymeric components comprising: (a) preselecting a desired molecular weight (Mw) boundary between heavy and light components; (b) selecting an extractive solvent or an extractive mixture of solvents, which form essentially a single phase with the light components; (c) mixing the oil-blend and the extractive solvent or extractive mixture of solvents selected in step (b) at elevated temperature, which is at least at or above said fractionation temperature, and wherein the extractive solvent/mixture of solvents to oil-blend ratio is from 1:2 to 100:1; (d) allowing a phase split to form between the heavy components fraction and the light components/extractive solvent fraction at the fractionation temperature or at most 10° C. below the fractionation temperature; (e) followed by separation of said fractions.

Process for Producing Biodiesel and Related Products

There is described a process for producing biodiesel and related products from mixtures. There is also described a process for producing precursors and feedstock materials for producing biodiesel and related products. The processes use esterification and trans-esterification, separation and purification. Other process steps such as acidification and distillation can also be used. 162.-. (canceled)63. A process for esterifying a mixture comprising between 10% and 20% by weight free fatty acids (FFAs) , said process comprising the steps of:(i) providing at least a first portion of the mixture to at least a first reaction vessel;(ii) heating the first portion of the mixture to a reaction temperature for esterification, the reaction temperature being between 71° C. and 76° C.;(iii) introducing esterification conditions to the first reaction vessel, comprising adding an esterification catalyst and an alcohol to the reaction vessel, the esterification catalyst being sulphuric acid;(iv) stopping the heating of the first portion of the mixture;(v) recirculating the first portion of the mixture by removing it from the first reaction vessel and returning it to the first reaction vessel; and wherein the recirculation of the first portion of the mixture is configured to maintain a reaction temperature suitable for esterification of the FFAs in the first portion of the mixture, the reaction temperature being between 71° C. and 76° C.;', 'and wherein the mass of esterification catalyst used relative to the % by weight FFAs in the mixture before esterification is from 26 kg catalyst per % by weight FFAs to 32 kg catalyst per % by weight FFAs, such that the amount of FFAs in the mixture is reduced to 3% by weight or less., '(vi) esterifying the FFAs in the first portion of the mixture;'}64. A process as claimed in claim 63 , wherein there is provided two or more reaction vessels claim 63 , said process comprising the further steps of:(i) providing at least a second portion of the ...

Biodiesel Composition and Related Process and Products

There is described a biodiesel composition and process for producing biodiesel and related products. There is also described related fuels and fuel blends comprising biodiesel. The biodiesel composition may be prepared from a mixture comprising fats, oils and greases from sewer waste. 1. A biodiesel composition comprising a mixture of esters , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 7% by weight to 10.5% by weight methyl octadecanoate , and from 39% by weight to 41% by weight methyl cis-9-octadecenoate.2. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 0.5% by weight to 1.9% by weight methyl heptadecanoate.3. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 2.4% by weight to 2.9% by weight methyl tetradecanoate.4. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 22.7% by weight to 24.4% by weight methyl hexadecanoate.5. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 1.5% by weight to 2.1% by weight methyl cis-9-hexadecenoate.6. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 15% by weight to 20% by weight methyl cis claim 1 ,cis-9 claim 1 ,12-octadecadienoate.7. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 2% by weight to 3% by weight methyl cis claim 1 ,cis claim 1 ,cis-9 claim 1 ,12 claim 1 ,15-octadecatrienoate.8. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 0.17% by weight to 0.2% by weight methyl eicosanoate.9. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 0.4% by weight to 0.6% by weight methyl cis-9-eicosenoate.10. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester mixture comprises from 0.03% by weight to 0.07% by weight methyl docosanoate.11. A biodiesel composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ester ...

SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR CONVERSION OF ETHYLENE FEEDSTOCKS TO HYDROCARBON FUELS

Systems, processes, and catalysts are disclosed for obtaining fuels and fuel blends containing selected ratios of open-chain and closed-chain fuel-range hydrocarbons suitable for production of alternate fuels including gasolines, jet fuels, and diesel fuels. Fuel-range hydrocarbons may be derived from ethylene-containing feedstocks and ethanol-containing feedstocks. 1. A process for converting feedstocks to distillate range hydrocarbon fuels , comprising:combining together selected portions of a first hydrocarbon product derived from an ethanol-containing feed comprising a majority concentration of mixed cycloparaffin hydrocarbons and mixed closed chain aromatic hydrocarbons with a carbon number from about C2 to about C12; a second hydrocarbon product comprising a selected quantity of alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons; and/or a two-step oligomerization product comprising mixed linear and branched olefins with a carbonnumber from about C8 to about C23 derived from an ethylene-containing feed via a two-step oligomerization process to obtain a blend comprising any selected ratio of open chain and closed chain hydrocarbons.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the two-step oligomerization process comprises:a) passing the ethylene-containing feed to a gas purification zone to remove water, providing a purified feedstock;b) passing the purified feedstock to a first oligomerization stage to oligomerize the ethylene in the purified feedstock by contacting the ethylene with a catalyst comprising a metal deposited on a support at a temperature from about 40° C. to 220° C. to form a first oligomerization product, wherein the first oligomerization product comprises a majority concentration of mixed olefins with a carbon number from about C4 to about C8; andc) passing the first oligomerization product to a second oligomerization stage to oligomerize the mixed olefins by contacting the mixed olefins with a solid acid catalyst at a temperature from greater than 150° C. to about 450° C ...

HYDROCARBON-PRODUCING GENES AND METHODS OF THEIR USE

The invention provides isolated nucleic acids and isolated polypeptides involved in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates. Homologs of, conservative variants of, and sequences having at least about 35% sequence identity with nucleic acids involved in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon intermediates are also provided. The invention further provides methods for producing an aliphatic ketone or a hydrocarbon, as well as a method for identifying an enzyme useful for the production of hydrocarbons. 1. An isolated nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of no more than 1500 amino acid residues comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 64-74 and 91-133.2171-. (canceled) This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/952,720, filed Nov. 25, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/278,962, filed Aug. 8, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,200,299, issued Dec. 1, 2015, which is a 371 of PCT/US08/64274, filed May 20, 2008, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/931,370, filed May 22, 2007, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/931,939, filed May 25, 2007, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/951,944, filed Jul. 25, 2007, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/974,810, filed Sep. 24, 2007, which are incorporated by reference.Incorporated by reference in its entirety herein is a computer-readable nucleotide/amino acid sequence listing submitted concurrently herewith and identified as follows: One 1,355,898 Byte ASCII (Text) file named “109112-0803_SL.TXT,” created on Aug. 21, 2019.Developments in technology have been accompanied by an increased reliance on fuel sources, and such fuel sources are becoming increasingly limited and difficult to acquire. With the burning of fossil fuels taking place at an unprecedented rate, it is likely that the world's fuel demand will soon outweigh the current fuel supplies.The ...

Improved grid level energy storage system and process

There is disclosed an improved Kolbe reactor system for converting electrical power into a hydrocarbon fuel and hydrogen. More specifically, the present disclosure provides a Kolbe reactor system comprising an open cavity Kolbe reactor and an initial hydrocarbon chemical formulation comprising from about 3N to about 6N C2-C5 carboxylic acid and from about 2M to about 4M alkali C2-C5 carboxylate, wherein the C2-C5 carboxylate and carboxylic acid have the same carbon alkyl length. The Kolbe reactor system can be continuously fed with C2-C5 carboxylic acid to maintain the initial formulation for a continuous process. Electrical energy is stored by converting the carboxylic acid to hydrocarbon fuel and hydrogen, and is recovered by combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel and hydrogen, and or conversion in a hydrogen fuel cell.

Process for the manufacture of diesel range hydrocarbons

The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of diesel range hydrocarbons wherein a feed comprising fresh feed is hydrotreated in a hydrotreating step and isomerised in an isomerisation step and the fresh feed contains at least 20 % by weight triglyceride C 12 -C 16 fatty acids or C 12 -C 16 fatty acid esters or C 12 -C 16 fatty acids or combinations of thereof and feed contains 50 - 20000 w-ppm sulphur calculated as elemental sulphur.

Method for the manufacture of hydrocarbons

Feedstock originating from renewable sources is converted to hydrocarbons in diesel fuel distillation range by contacting with a supported catalyst comprising VIII group metal/metals, whereby the consumption of hydrogen is decreased.

Process for the manufacture of hydrocarbons

A feedstock originating from renewable sources is converted to branched and saturated hydrocarbons without heteroatoms in the diesel fuel distillation range by skeletal isomerisation and deoxygenation carried out by hydrodeoxygenation or alternatively by combined decarboxylation and decarbonylation reactions, whereby the consumption of hydrogen is decreased.

Process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons

A process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid are then reacted over a synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst, such as a ZSM-5 zeolite, at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 400° C. so as to form higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrobromic acid vapor. Hydrobromic acid vapor is removed from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. A portion of the propane and butane is removed from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and reacted with the mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid over the synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst to form C 5 + hydrocarbons.

Process for heavy oil and bitumen upgrading

A bitumen and heavy oil upgrading process and system is disclosed for the synthesis of hydrocarbons, an example of which is synthetic crude oil (SCO). The process advantageously avoids the waste attributed to residuum and/or petcoke formation which has a dramatic effect on the yield of hydrocarbon material generated. The process integrates Fischer-Tropsch technology with gasification and hydrogen rich gas stream generation. The hydrogen rich gas generation is conveniently effected using singly or in combination a hydrogen source, a hydrogen rich vapor from hydroprocessing and the Fischer-Tropsch process, a steam methane reformer (SMR) and autothermal reformer (ATR) or a combination of SMR/ATR. The feedstock for upgrading is distilled and the bottoms fraction is gasified and converted in a Fischer-Tropsch reactor. A resultant hydrogen lean syngas is then exposed to the hydrogen rich gas stream to optimize the formation of, for example, the synthetic crude oil. The hydrogen lean gas stream may also be effected by a water gas shift reaction, singly or in combination or in addition with the hydrogen rich gas stream generation. A system for effecting the process is also characterized in the specification.

Prosessi perusöljyn valmistamiseksi

System for the conversion of biomass

When processing cellulosic biomass, it may be desirable for a digestion unit to operate without being fully depressurized for process efficiency purposes. A biomass conversion system can comprise a first digestion unit and a second digestion unit that are operatively connected to one another; a valve separating the first digestion unit from the second digestion unit; a fluid circulation loop establishing fluid communication between an outlet of the first digestion unit and an inlet of the second digestion unit; and a bypass line establishing fluid communication between an outlet of the second digestion unit and the fluid circulation loop.

Purification method for biological feedstock

The present disclosure is related to an apparatus and method for purification of biological feedstock, such as reducing or removing nitrogen containing compounds therein. The method can include subjecting the feedstock to a first separation step for obtaining a first fraction containing free fatty acids and nitrogen containing compounds, and collecting the residue containing acylglycerols. The first fraction is reacted with glycerol to obtain acylglycerols from the free fatty acid therein. This fraction is subjected to a second separation step for obtaining a second fraction containing nitrogen containing compounds, which is discharged as waste-product. The remains from the second separation contain formed acylglycerols and are collected.

Process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons

A process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid are then reacted over a synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst, such as a ZSM-5 zeolite, at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 450° C. so as to form higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrobromic acid vapor. Propane and butane which comprise a portion of the products may be recovered or recycled back through the process to form additional C 5 + hydrocarbons. Various methods are disclosed to remove the hydrobromic acid vapor from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and to generate bromine from the hydrobromic acid for use in the process.

Process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons

A process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid are then reacted over a synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst, such as a ZSM-5 zeolite, at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 400° C. so as to form higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrobromic acid vapor. Hydrobromic acid vapor is removed from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. A portion of the propane and butane is removed from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and reacted with the mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid over the synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst to form C 5+ hydrocarbons.